Create, construct, and query geometry instances

Article
11/19/2024

Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric SQL database in Microsoft Fabric

The planar spatial data type, geometry, represents data in a Euclidean (flat) coordinate system. This type is implemented as a common language runtime (CLR) data type in SQL Server.

The geometry type is predefined and available in each database. You can create table columns of type geometry and operate on geometry data in the same manner as you would use other CLR types.

The geometry data type (planar) supported by SQL Server conforms to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Simple Features for SQL Specification version 1.1.0.

For more information on OGC specifications, see the following:

SQL Server supports a subset of the existing GML 3.1 standard which is defined in the following schema: https://schemas.microsoft.com/sqlserver/profiles/gml/SpatialGML.xsd.

Create or constructing a new geometry instance

Create a New geometry instance from an Existing Instance

The geometry data type provides numerous built-in methods you can use to create new geometry instances based on existing instances.

To create a buffer around a geometry
STBuffer (geometry Data Type)

BufferWithTolerance (geometry Data Type)

To create a simplified version of a geometry
Reduce (geometry Data Type)

To create the convex hull of a geometry
STConvexHull (geometry Data Type)

To create a geometry from the intersection of two geometries
STIntersection (geometry Data Type)

To create a geometry from the union of two geometries
STUnion (geometry Data Type)

To create a geometry from the points where one geometry does not overlap another
STDifference (geometry Data Type)

To create a geometry from the points where two geometries do not overlap
STSymDifference (geometry Data Type)

To create an arbitrary Point instance that lies on an existing geometry
STPointOnSurface (geometry Data Type)

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Text input

The geometry data type provides several built-in methods that generate a geometry from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) WKT representation. The WKT standard is a text string that allows geometry data to be exchanged in textual form.

To construct any type of geometry instance from WKT input
STGeomFromText (geometry Data Type)

Parse (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry Point instance from WKT input
STPointFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiPoint instance from WKT input
STMPointFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry LineString instance from WKT input
STLineFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiLineString instance from WKT input
STMLineFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry Polygon instance from WKT input
STPolyFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiPolygon instance from WKT input
STMPolyFromText (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry GeometryCollection instance from WKT input
STGeomCollFromText (geometry Data Type)

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Binary input

WKB is a binary format specified by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) that permits geometry data to be exchanged between a client application and a SQL database. The following functions accept WKB input to construct geometries:

To construct any type of geometry instance from WKB input
STGeomFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry Point instance from WKB input
STPointFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiPoint instance from WKB input
STMPointFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry LineString instance from WKB input
STLineFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiLineString instance from WKB input
STMLineFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry Polygon instance from WKB input
STPolyFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry MultiPolygon instance from WKB input
STMPolyFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

To construct a geometry GeometryCollection instance from WKB input
STGeomCollFromWKB (geometry Data Type)

Construct a geometry instance from GML Text Input

The geometry data type provides a method that generates a geometry instance from GML, an XML representation of geometric objects. SQL Server supports a subset of GML.

To construct any type of geometry instance from GML input
GeomFromGml (geometry Data Type)

Return Well-Known Text and Well-Known Binary from a geometry instance

You can use the following methods to return either the WKT or WKB format of a geometry instance:

To return the WKT representation of a geometry instance
STAsText (geometry Data Type)

ToString (geometry Data Type)

To return the WKT representation of a geometry instance including any Z and M values
AsTextZM (geometry Data Type)

To return the WKB representation of a geometry instance
STAsBinary (geometry Data Type)

To return a GML representation of a geometry instance
AsGml (geometry Data Type)

Query the properties and behaviors of geometry instances

All geometry instances have a number of properties that can be retrieved through methods that SQL Server provides. The following topics define the properties and behaviors of geometry types, and the methods for querying each one.

Validity, instance type, and GeometryCollection information

Once a geometry instance is constructed, you can use the following methods to determine if it is well-formed, return the instance type, or, if it is a collection instance, return a specific geometry instance.

To return the instance type of a geometry
STGeometryType (geometry Data Type)

To determine if a geometry is a given instance type
InstanceOf (geometry Data Type)

To determine if a geometry instance is well-formed for its instance type
STIsValid (geometry Data Type)

To convert a geometry instance to a well-formed geometry instance with an instance type
MakeValid (geometry Data Type)

To return the number of geometries in a geometry collection instance
STNumGeometries (geometry Data Type)

To return a specific geometry in a geometry collection instance
STGeometryN (geometry Data Type) STGeometryN (geometry Data type)

Number of points

All nonempty geometry instances are comprised of points. These points represent the X- and Y-coordinates of the plane on which the geometries are drawn. geometry provides numerous built-in methods for querying the points of an instance.

To return the number of points that comprise an instance
STNumPoints (geometry Data Type)

To return a specific point in an instance
STPointN (geometry Data Type)

To return an arbitrary point that lies on an instance
STPointOnSurface (geometry Data Type)

To return the start point of an instance
STStartPoint (geometry Data Type)

To return the endpoint of an instance
STEndpoint (geometry Data Type)

To return the X-coordinate of a Point instance
STX (geometry Data Type)

To return the Y-coordinate of a Point instance
STY (geometry Data Type)

To return the geometric center point of a Polygon, CurvePolygon, or MultiPolygon instance
STCentroid (geometry Data Type)

Dimension

A nonempty geometry instance can be 0-, 1-, or 2-dimensional. Zero-dimensional geometries, such as Point and MultiPoint, have no length or area. One-dimensional objects, such as LineString, CircularString, CompoundCurve, and MultiLineString, have length. Two-dimensional instances, such as Polygon, CurvePolygon, and MultiPolygon, have area and length. Empty instances will report a dimension of -1, and a GeometryCollection will report an area dependent on the types of its contents.

To return the dimension of an instance
STDimension (geometry Data Type)

To return the length of an instance
STLength (geometry Data Type)

To return the area of an instance
STArea (geometry Data Type)

Empty

An emptygeometry instance does not have any points. The length of empty LineString, CircularString, CompoundCurve, and MultiLineString instances is zero. The area of empty Polygon, CurvePolygon, and MultiPolygon instances is 0.

To determine if an instance is empty
STIsEmpty (geometry Data Type).

Simple

For a geometry of the instance to be simple, it must meet both of these requirements:

Each figure of the instance must not intersect itself, except at its endpoints.
No two figures of the instance can intersect each other at a point that is not in both of their boundaries.

Note

Empty geometries are always simple.

To determine if an instance is simple
STIsSimple (geometry Data Type).

Boundary, interior, and exterior

The interior of a geometry instance is the space occupied by the instance, and the exterior is the space not occupied it.

Boundary is defined by the OGC as follows:

Point and MultiPoint instances do not have a boundary.
LineString and MultiLineString boundaries are formed by the start points and end points, removing those that occur an even number of times.

DECLARE @g geometry;  
SET @g = geometry::Parse('MULTILINESTRING((0 1, 0 0, 1 0, 0 1), (1 1, 1 0))');  
SELECT @g.STBoundary().ToString();

The boundary of a Polygon or MultiPolygon instance is the set of its rings.

DECLARE @g geometry;  
SET @g = geometry::Parse('POLYGON((0 0, 3 0, 3 3, 0 3, 0 0), (1 1, 1 2, 2 2, 2 1, 1 1))');  
SELECT @g.STBoundary().ToString();

To return the boundary of an instance
STBoundary (geometry Data Type)

Envelope

The envelope of a geometry instance, also known as the bounding box, is the axis-aligned rectangle formed by the minimum and maximum (X,Y) coordinates of the instance.

To return the envelope of an instance
STEnvelope (geometry Data Type)

Closure

A closedgeometry instance is a figure whose start points and end points are the same. Polygon instances are considered closed. Point instances are not closed.

A ring is a simple, closed LineString instance.

To determine if an instance is closed
STIsClosed (geometry Data Type)

To determine if an instance is a ring
STIsRing (geometry Data Type)

To return the exterior ring of a Polygon instance
STExteriorRing (geometry Data Type)

To return the number of interior rings in a Polygon
STNumInteriorRing (geometry Data Type)

To return a specified interior ring of a Polygon
STInteriorRingN (geometry Data Type)

Spatial reference ID (SRID)

The spatial reference ID (SRID) is an identifier specifying which coordinate system the geometry instance is represented in. Two instances with different SRIDs are incomparable.

To set or return the SRID of an instance
STSrid (geometry Data Type)

Note

This property can be modified.

Determine relationships between geometry instances

The geometry data type provides many built-in methods you can use to determine relationships between two geometry instances.

To determine if two instances comprise the same point set
STEquals (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances are disjoint
STDisjoint (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances intersect
STIntersects (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances touch
STTouches (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances overlap
STOverlaps (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances cross
STCrosses (geometry Data Type)

To determine if one instance is within another
STWithin (geometry Data Type)

To determine if one instance contains another
STContains (geometry Data Type)

To determine if one instance overlaps another
STOverlaps (geometry Data Type)

To determine if two instances are spatially related
STRelate (geometry Data Type)

To determine the shortest distance between points in two geometries
STDistance (geometry Data Type)

geometry instances Default to zero SRID

The default SRID for geometry instances in SQL Server is 0. With geometry spatial data, the specific SRID of the spatial instance is not required to perform calculations; thus, instances can reside in undefined planar space. To indicate undefined planar space in the calculations of geometry data type methods, the SQL Server Database Engine uses SRID 0.

Remarks

Geometry and geography types cannot be used as table columns in the SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric or Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric.

Examples

The following two examples show how to add and query geometry data.

Example A.

This example creates a table with an identity column and a geometry column GeomCol1. A third column renders the geometry column into its Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Well-Known Text (WKT) representation, and uses the STAsText() method. Two rows are then inserted: one row contains a LineString instance of geometry, and one row contains a Polygon instance.

IF OBJECT_ID ( 'dbo.SpatialTable', 'U' ) IS NOT NULL   
DROP TABLE dbo.SpatialTable;  
GO  

CREATE TABLE SpatialTable   
  ( id int IDENTITY (1,1),  
    GeomCol1 geometry,   
    GeomCol2 AS GeomCol1.STAsText() 
  );  
GO  

INSERT INTO SpatialTable (GeomCol1)  
VALUES (geometry::STGeomFromText('LINESTRING (100 100, 20 180, 180 180)', 0));  

INSERT INTO SpatialTable (GeomCol1)  
VALUES (geometry::STGeomFromText('POLYGON ((0 0, 150 0, 150 150, 0 150, 0 0))', 0));  
GO

Example B.

This example uses the STIntersection() method to return the points where the two previously inserted geometry instances intersect.

DECLARE @geom1 geometry;  
DECLARE @geom2 geometry;  
DECLARE @result geometry;  

SELECT @geom1 = GeomCol1 FROM SpatialTable WHERE id = 1;  
SELECT @geom2 = GeomCol1 FROM SpatialTable WHERE id = 2;  
SELECT @result = @geom1.STIntersection(@geom2);  
SELECT @result.STAsText();

Spatial Data

Share via

Create, construct, and query geometry instances

Create or constructing a new geometry instance

Create a New geometry instance from an Existing Instance

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Text input

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Binary input

Construct a geometry instance from GML Text Input

Return Well-Known Text and Well-Known Binary from a geometry instance

Query the properties and behaviors of geometry instances

Validity, instance type, and GeometryCollection information

Number of points

Dimension

Empty

Simple

Boundary, interior, and exterior

Envelope

Closure

Spatial reference ID (SRID)

Determine relationships between geometry instances

geometry instances Default to zero SRID

Remarks

Examples

Example A.

Example B.

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Additional resources

Share via

Create, construct, and query geometry instances

Create or constructing a new geometry instance

Create a New geometry instance from an Existing Instance

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Text input

Construct a geometry instance from Well-Known Binary input

Construct a geometry instance from GML Text Input

Return Well-Known Text and Well-Known Binary from a geometry instance

Query the properties and behaviors of geometry instances

Validity, instance type, and GeometryCollection information

Number of points

Dimension

Empty

Simple

Boundary, interior, and exterior

Envelope

Closure

Spatial reference ID (SRID)

Determine relationships between geometry instances

geometry instances Default to zero SRID

Remarks

Examples

Example A.

Example B.

Related content

Feedback

Additional resources