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Get started with columnstore indexes for real-time operational analytics

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Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance

SQL Server 2016 (13.x) introduces real-time operational analytics, the ability to run both analytics and OLTP workloads on the same database tables at the same time. Besides running analytics in real time, you can also eliminate the need for ETL and a data warehouse.

Real-time operational analytics explained

Traditionally, businesses have had separate systems for operational (that is, OLTP) and analytics workloads. For such systems, Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) jobs regularly move the data from the operational store to an analytics store. The analytics data is usually stored in a data warehouse or data mart dedicated to running analytics queries. While this solution has been the standard, it has these three key challenges:

  • Complexity. Implementing ETL can require considerable coding especially to load only the modified rows. It can be complex to identify which rows have been modified.

  • Cost. Implementing ETL requires the cost of purchasing additional hardware and software licenses.

  • Data Latency. Implementing ETL adds a time delay for running the analytics. For example, if the ETL job runs at the end of each business day, the analytics queries will run on data that is at least a day old. For many businesses this delay is unacceptable because the business depends on analyzing data in real time. For example, fraud-detection requires real-time analytics on operational data.

Diagram of an OLTP and real-time operational analytics workload interaction.

Real-time operational analytics offers a solution to these challenges.

There is no time delay when analytics and OLTP workloads run on the same underlying table. For scenarios that can use real-time analytics, the costs and complexity are greatly reduced by eliminating the need for ETL and the need to purchase and maintain a separate data warehouse.

Note

Real-time operational analytics targets the scenario of a single data source such as an enterprise resource planning (ERP) application on which you can run both the operational and the analytics workload. This does not replace the need for a separate data warehouse when you need to integrate data from multiple sources before running the analytics workload or when you require extreme analytics performance using pre-aggregated data such as cubes.

Real-time analytics uses an updateable columnstore index on a rowstore table. The columnstore index maintains a copy of the data, so the OLTP and analytics workloads run against separate copies of the data. This minimizes the performance impact of both workloads running at the same time. SQL Server automatically maintains index changes so OLTP changes are always up-to-date for analytics. With this design, it is possible and practical to run analytics in real time on up-to-date data. This works for both disk-based and memory-optimized tables.

Get Started Example

To get started with real-time analytics:

  1. Identify the tables in your operational schema that contain data required for analytics.

  2. For each table, drop all B-tree indexes that are primarily designed to speed up existing analytics on your OLTP workload. Replace them with a single columnstore index. This can improve the overall performance of your OLTP workload since there will be fewer indexes to maintain.

    --This example creates a nonclustered columnstore index on an existing OLTP table.  
--Create the table  
CREATE TABLE t_account (  
    accountkey int PRIMARY KEY,  
    accountdescription nvarchar (50),  
    accounttype nvarchar(50),  
    unitsold int  
);  

--Create the columnstore index with a filtered condition  
CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX account_NCCI   
ON t_account (accountkey, accountdescription, unitsold)   
;

    The columnstore index on an in-memory table allows operational analytics by integrating in-memory OLTP and in-memory columnstore technologies to deliver high performance for both OLTP and analytics workloads. The columnstore index on an in-memory table must include all the columns.

    -- This example creates a memory-optimized table with a columnstore index.  
CREATE TABLE t_account (  
    accountkey int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED,  
    Accountdescription nvarchar (50),  
    accounttype nvarchar(50),  
    unitsold int,  
    INDEX t_account_cci CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE  
    )  
    WITH (MEMORY_OPTIMIZED = ON );  
GO

You are now ready to run real-time operational analytics without making any changes to your application. Analytics queries will run against the columnstore index and OLTP operations will keep running against your OLTP B-tree indexes. The OLTP workloads will continue to perform, but will incur some additional overhead to maintain the columnstore index. See the performance optimizations in the next section.

Note

Documentation uses the term B-tree generally in reference to indexes. In rowstore indexes, the Database Engine implements a B+ tree. This does not apply to columnstore indexes or indexes on memory-optimized tables. For more information, see the SQL Server and Azure SQL index architecture and design guide.

Blog posts

Read the following blog posts to learn more about real-time operational analytics. It might be easier to understand the performance tips sections if you look at the blog posts first.

Videos

The Data Exposed video series into more details on some of the capabilities and considerations.

Performance tip #1: Use filtered indexes to improve query performance

Running real-time operational analytics can impact the performance of the OLTP workload. This impact should be minimal. Example A shows how to use filtered indexes to minimize impact of nonclustered columnstore index on transactional workload while still delivering analytics in real time.

To minimize the overhead of maintaining a nonclustered columnstore index on an operational workload, you can use a filtered condition to create a nonclustered columnstore index only on the warm or slowly changing data. For example, in an order management application, you can create a nonclustered columnstore index on the orders that have already been shipped. Once the order has shipped, it rarely changes and therefore can be considered warm data. With Filtered index, the data in nonclustered columnstore index requires fewer updates thereby lowering the impact on transactional workload.

Analytics queries transparently access both warm and hot data as needed to provide real-time analytics. If a significant part of the operational workload is touching the 'hot' data, those operations will not require additional maintenance of the columnstore index. A best practice is to have a rowstore clustered index on the column(s) used in the filtered index definition. SQL Server uses the clustered index to quickly scan the rows that did not meet the filtered condition. Without this clustered index, a full table scan of the rowstore table will be required to find these rows, which can negatively impact the performance of analytics query significantly. In the absence of clustered index, you could create a complementary filtered nonclustered B-tree index to identify such rows but it is not recommended because accessing large range of rows through nonclustered B-tree indexes is expensive.

Note

A filtered nonclustered columnstore index is only supported on disk-based tables. It is not supported on memory-optimized tables

Example A: Access hot data from B-tree index, warm data from columnstore index

This example uses a filtered condition (accountkey > 0) to establish which rows will be in the columnstore index. The goal is to design the filtered condition and subsequent queries to access frequently changing "hot" data from the B+ tree index, and to access the more stable "warm" data from the columnstore index.

Diagram showing combined indexes for warm and hot data.

Note

The Query Optimizer will consider, but not always choose, the columnstore index for the query plan. When the query optimizer chooses the filtered columnstore index, it transparently combines the rows both from columnstore index as well as the rows that do not meet the filtered condition to allow real-time analytics. This is different from a regular nonclustered filtered index which can be used only in queries that restrict themselves to the rows present in the index.

--Use a filtered condition to separate hot data in a rowstore table  
-- from "warm" data in a columnstore index.  
  
-- create the table  
CREATE TABLE  orders (  
         AccountKey         int not null,  
         Customername       nvarchar (50),  
        OrderNumber         bigint,  
        PurchasePrice       decimal (9,2),  
        OrderStatus         smallint not null,  
        OrderStatusDesc     nvarchar (50));
  
-- OrderStatusDesc  
-- 0 => 'Order Started'  
-- 1 => 'Order Closed'  
-- 2 => 'Order Paid'  
-- 3 => 'Order Fullfillment Wait'  
-- 4 => 'Order Shipped'  
-- 5 => 'Order Received'  
  
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX  orders_ci ON orders(OrderStatus);
  
--Create the columnstore index with a filtered condition  
CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX orders_ncci ON orders  (accountkey, customername, purchaseprice, orderstatus)  
where orderstatus = 5;  
  
-- The following query returns the total purchase done by customers for items > $100 .00  
-- This query will pick  rows both from NCCI and from 'hot' rows that are not part of NCCI  
SELECT top 5 customername, sum (PurchasePrice)  
FROM orders  
WHERE purchaseprice > 100.0   
Group By customername;

The analytics query will execute with the following query plan. You can see that the rows not meeting the filtered condition are accessed through clustered B-tree index.

Screenshot from SQL Server Management studio of a query plan using a columnstore index scan.

For more information, see Blog: Filtered nonclustered columnstore index.

Performance tip #2: Offload analytics to Always On readable secondary

Even though you can minimize the columnstore index maintenance by using a filtered columnstore index, the analytics queries can still require significant computing resources (CPU, I/O, memory) which impact the operational workload performance. For most mission critical workloads, our recommendation is to use the Always On configuration. In this configuration, you can eliminate the impact of running analytics by offloading it to a readable secondary.

Performance Tip #3: Reducing Index fragmentation by keeping hot data in delta rowgroups

Tables with columnstore index might get significantly fragmented (that is, deleted rows) if the workload updates/deletes rows that have been compressed. A fragmented columnstore index leads to inefficient utilization of memory/storage. Besides inefficient use of resources, it also negatively impacts the analytics query performance because of extra I/O and the need to filter the deleted rows from the result set.

The deleted rows are not physically removed until you run index defragmentation with REORGANIZE command or rebuild the columnstore index on the entire table or the affected partition(s). Both index REORGANIZE and REBUILD are expensive operations taking resources away which otherwise could be used for the workload. Additionally, if rows compressed too early, it might need to be recompressed multiple times due to updates leading to wasted compression overhead.

You can minimize index fragmentation using COMPRESSION_DELAY option.

-- Create a sample table  
CREATE TABLE t_colstor (  
               accountkey                      int not null,  
               accountdescription              nvarchar (50) not null,  
               accounttype                     nvarchar(50),  
               accountCodeAlternatekey         int);
  
-- Creating nonclustered columnstore index with COMPRESSION_DELAY. The columnstore index will keep the rows in closed delta rowgroup for 100 minutes   
-- after it has been marked closed  
CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE index t_colstor_cci on t_colstor (accountkey, accountdescription, accounttype)   
                       WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION= COLUMNSTORE, COMPRESSION_DELAY = 100);

For more information, see Blog: Compression delay.

Here are the recommended best practices:

  • Insert/Query workload: If your workload is primarily inserting data and querying it, the default COMPRESSION_DELAY of 0 is the recommended option. The newly inserted rows will get compressed once 1 million rows have been inserted into a single delta rowgroup.
    Some examples of such workload are (a) traditional DW workload (b) select-stream analysis when you need to analyze the select pattern in a web application.

  • OLTP workload: If the workload is DML heavy (that is, heavy mix of Update, Delete and Insert), you might see columnstore index fragmentation by examining the DMV sys. dm_db_column_store_row_group_physical_stats. If you see that > 10% rows are marked deleted in recently compressed rowgroups, you can use COMPRESSION_DELAY option to add time delay when rows become eligible for compression. For example, if for your workload, the newly inserted stays 'hot' (that is, gets updated multiple times) for say 60 minutes, you should choose COMPRESSION_DELAY to be 60.

We expect most customers do not need to do anything. The default value of COMPRESSION_DELAY option should work for them.

For advance users, we recommend running the following query and collect % of deleted rows over the last seven days.

SELECT row_group_id,cast(deleted_rows as float)/cast(total_rows as float)*100 as [% fragmented], created_time  
FROM sys. dm_db_column_store_row_group_physical_stats  
WHERE object_id = object_id('FactOnlineSales2')   
             AND  state_desc='COMPRESSED'   
             AND deleted_rows>0   
             AND created_time > GETDATE() - 7  
ORDER BY created_time DESC;

If the number of deleted rows in compressed rowgroups > 20%, plateauing in older rowgroups with < 5% variation (referred to as cold rowgroups) set COMPRESSION_DELAY = (youngest_rowgroup_created_time - current_time). This approach works best with a stable and relatively homogeneous workload.

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