Share via

Understanding PBX and IP PBX Configurations

  • Article

Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 will reach end of support on April 11, 2017. To stay supported, you will need to upgrade. For more information, see Resources to help you upgrade your Office 2007 servers and clients.

 

Applies to: Exchange Server 2007, Exchange Server 2007 SP1, Exchange Server 2007 SP2, Exchange Server 2007 SP3

Increasingly, organizations are purchasing, installing, and maintaining the hardware components, such as Private Branch eXchanges (PBXs) or IP PBXs, which are required to support their own telephony system. Many organizations are buying their own telephony equipment and training their staff to reduce expenses that are associated with maintaining their telephony systems, and because they want more control over the telephony features that they offer.

For an organization to own and maintain their telephony network, they must buy the required telephony hardware components. They must also consider the day-to-day maintenance of the telephony equipment and the training that is required for their staff to support their telephony system. This topic discusses the different types of telephony business or organizational systems, the telephony hardware components that are required, and gives examples of the different types of telephony configurations.

Important

We recommend that all customers who plan to deploy Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Unified Messaging (UM) obtain the help of a Unified Messaging specialist. This will help ensure a smooth transition from a legacy voice mail system. Rolling out a new UM deployment or performing an upgrade of an existing voice mail system requires significant knowledge about PBXs, IP PBXs, and Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging. For more information about who to contact, see the Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Unified Messaging (UM) Specialists Web site.

Overview of Telephony Systems

In circuit-switched networks, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), multiple calls are transmitted across the same transmission medium. Frequently, the medium that is used in the PSTN is copper. However, fiber optic cable might also be used.

A circuit-switched network is a network in which there exists a dedicated connection. A dedicated connection is a circuit or channel that is set up between two nodes so that they can communicate. After a call is established between two nodes, the connection may be used only by these two nodes. When the call is ended by one of the nodes, the connection is canceled.

There are several different types or categories of telephone systems that are found in businesses and organizations that can include a circuit-based network, and IP-based network, or both. Each type of telephone system has distinct advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when you plan and implement a telephony system.

  • Centrex   Centrex is a type of telephone service that telephone companies lease to businesses and organizations. A traditional Centrex telephone system eliminates the need for a business or organization to purchase the telephony hardware that is used onsite to support the organization's telephone system. Typically, Centrex systems are used by small offices that rent Centrex services from a telephone company on a line-by-line and month-by-month basis. Centrex telephony systems are sometimes used by larger organizations, but are most frequently found in government, public, and private organizations. Centrex frequently uses analog telephone lines for the connections to a business or organization. However, it can also use T1-circuits with a demultiplexer onsite to support analog and digital telephones or ISDN lines.

    In a Centrex-based telephony system, the telephone company's central office acts as the telephone exchange. It is designed specifically to support the needs of a given organization. The central telephone office routes the calls that originate from inside the company to the appropriate internal or external telephone number. Centrex uses the telephone company’s central office exchange to route internal calls back to an extension. For example, with Centrex, the telephone exchange or telephone company's central office knows which extensions are internal. Therefore, an employee who is located within the organization's telephony network can dial another employee in the same telephony network or dial plan by using a 4-digit extension number. When a call is dialed to the internal telephone extension number, it is forwarded to the telephone company’s central office and then is routed back to the extension number that initiated the call.

A variation of a traditional Centrex telephony system is called IP Centrex. In an IP Centrex telephone system, the call is sent through an IP gateway that is located at a telephone company’s central office or located onsite at a service provider. In this kind of telephone system, the IP gateway translates the call into IP-based data packets that can be sent over the Internet or sent over a Voice over IP (VoIP)-based network. However, if the call is sent over the Internet, there is typically another IP gateway that receives the call and then translates the call back to a traditional circuit-switched call.

Organizations that currently have a traditional Centrex telephone system in place must install, deploy, and maintain one or more IP gateways for Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging to work correctly. Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging may require that you install, deploy, and maintain IP gateways to work with IP Centrex. There are several variables that will determine whether you need an IP gateway. These variables include the type of telephones that are used in your organization (analog, digital, or IP) and the protocols that are supported by the IP Centrex system.

  • Key telephone   In a Key telephone system, the telephone company’s central office is connected to the organization by using standard analog or digital telephone lines. A single telephone extension number is connected to multiple telephones so that when a call is placed into the organization by using this telephone number, all the telephones that are associated with that line or extension number will ring at the same time.

With Key telephone systems, individual users share lines across telephones. Therefore, callers will not experience frequent busy signals when they try to call into an organization. Key telephone systems are typically used by small offices where internal call volume is high but external call volume is low.

Key telephone systems have become more sophisticated over time and can work with Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging if an IP gateway is added. However, some less sophisticated systems may not work even if a supported IP gateway is used.

  • PBX   A legacy PBX is a telephony device that switches calls in a telephony or circuit-switched network. A legacy PBX is a PBX that does not have a network adapter and cannot pass IP packets. Because they cannot pass IP packets, some businesses and organizations have replaced legacy PBXs with IP PBXs. For a list of PBXs that are supported by Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

    PBXs are used by most medium- and larger-sized companies. A PBX enables users or subscribers of the PBX to share a certain number of outside lines for making telephone calls that are considered external to the PBX. A PBX is a much less expensive solution than giving each user in a business a dedicated external telephone line. Telephones, in addition to fax machines, modems, and many other communication devices, can be connected to a PBX.

    The PBX equipment is typically installed on an organization's premises and connects calls between the telephones located onsite and the telephone company. A limited number of outside lines, also known as trunk lines, are typically available for making and receiving calls that are external to the business from an external source such as the PSTN.

    To enable a legacy PBX to be used with Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, you must deploy a supported IP gateway. For a list of supported IP gateways, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

  • IP PBX   An IP PBX is a PBX that has a network adapter that supports the IP protocol. It is a piece of telephone switching equipment that generally resides in an organization or business instead of being located at a telephone company office. There are two types of IP PBXs: traditional IP PBXs and hybrid IP PBXs. Both traditional IP PBXs and hybrid IP PBXs support the IP protocol for sending voice conversations in packets to VoIP-based telephones. However, hybrid IP PBXs also connects traditional analog and digital telephones.

    IP PBXs are frequently easier to administer than legacy PBXs, because administrators can more easily configure IP PBX services by using an Internet browser or another IP-based tool. Also, no additional wiring, cabling, or patch panels must be installed. With an IP PBX, you can move an IP-based telephone by merely unplugging a telephone and plugging it in at a new location. This enables you to avoid the costly service calls that are required to move a telephone from legacy PBX vendors. Additionally, organizations that own an IP PBX do not have to incur the additional infrastructure costs that are required to maintain and manage separate circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. For a list of IP PBXs that are supported for Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

Legacy and Traditional PBX Configurations

On telephony networks that have legacy or traditional PBXs, a PBX does the following:

  • Creates connections or circuits between the telephone sets of two users

  • Maintains the connection as long as the users need the connection.

  • Provides information for accounting purposes (for example, meters calls)

In addition to the three functions included in the previous list, PBXs may offer other calling features such as:

  • Auto attendants

  • Call accounting

  • Call pick-up

  • Call transfer

  • Call waiting

  • Conference calling

  • Direct Inward Dialing (DID)

  • Do Not Disturb (DND)

Although there are several manufacturers of PBXs, they all fit into two basic categories: analog and digital. These types of PBXs are frequently known as legacy or traditional PBXs.

Typically, PBX systems are connected to the telephone company’s central office by using special telephone lines, known as T1- and E1-lines. T1- and E1-lines have multiple channels. These telephone lines are also known as trunk lines. They enable the central office or the PBX to send multiple calls over the same line for better efficiency by using a simplified wiring layout. A PBX can also work with analog or ISDN lines.

You can control how many channels or lines you want to configure to receive calls that come from external callers and how many channels or lines to devote to calls that come from callers inside your organization by correctly configuring your PBX. Configuring the number of channels or lines helps prevent busy signals and enables you to configure the number of channels or lines that can be devoted to applications such as call centers. Correctly configuring your PBX is a cost effective method for managing the channels or lines in your organization because it reduces the number of leased lines that are needed.

A PBX can route a specific dialed telephone number to a specific telephone so that users can have their own individual telephone number or extension number. This is known as a Direct Inward Dialing (DID) number. When the telephone number is dialed for a user, the telephone company sends the DID number to the PBX by using Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS). Because the telephone company uses DNIS to send the number, there is no need for operator intervention to route the call. The PBX has the information about the call to correctly route it to the number that was dialed by the caller. For a list of PBXs that are supported by Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

Analog and Digital PBXs

Analog PBXs send voice and call signaling information, such as the touch tones of a dialed telephone number, as an analog sound. Therefore, the sound is never digitized. To correctly direct the call, the PBX and the telephone company’s central office have to listen for the signaling information.

Note

Touchtone is more technically known as dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF). When a caller presses a key on a telephone keypad, the telephone produces two separate tones: a high frequency tone and a low frequency tone. When a person speaks into the telephone, only a single tone or frequency is emitted. Sending two tones with different frequencies at the same time reduces the possibility that the signaling tones will be interpreted as a human voice or that a human voice will be interpreted as the signaling tones.

Digital PBXs encode or digitize the analog sound into a digital format. Digital PBXs typically encode the voice sounds using a standard industry audio codec like G.711 or G.729. After the digitized voice is encoded, it is sent over a channel by using circuit switching. Circuit switching sets up an end-to-end open connection. It leaves the channel open for the length of the call and for the caller's exclusive use. However, the signaling method that is used by the PBX depends on the manufacturer. PBX manufacturers may have their own proprietary signaling method for call setup. For more information about the audio codecs that are used, see Understanding Unified Messaging Audio Codecs.

Note

Digital PBXs can support both digital and analog trunk lines.

In larger organizations, PBXs make it possible for employees in separate physical locations to contact one another by dialing an extension number for a user. This can be done by using a single PBX or may involve multiple PBXs that are networked together. PBXs at different office locations can be connected to a single transparent circuit-switched network by using T1- or E1-lines. When these lines connect PBXs together, they are frequently known as tie lines. The PBXs communicate with one another other across the tie lines by using a PBX-to-PBX protocol, such as QSIG. QSIG lets a set of PBXs act as if they are a single PBX.

This kind of PBX environment can also include advanced features, such as call transferring and telephone conferencing. In addition to allowing for advanced features, having two connected PBXs can also save the organization money because long distance charges between employees in the different locations will be reduced. This is because a call made between two employees remains on a tie line between the PBXs and requires that the user dial only an extension number for the other user instead of placing a long distance call.

The following figure illustrates a typical telephony and data network that includes legacy or traditional PBXs.

Legacy and traditional PBX configuration

Legacy PBX Configuration

In a telephony environment that includes a single or multiple analog or digital PBXs, an IP gateway is required between the PBX and the Exchange 2007 computer that has the Unified Messaging server role installed to convert the circuit-based protocols that are found on a telephony network into the IP-based protocols that are found on a data network. For more information about IP gateways, see the following topics:

For a list of IP gateways that are supported for Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

IP PBX Configurations

An IP PBX is a PBX that supports the IP protocol to connect telephones by using an Ethernet or packet-switched LAN. It sends voice conversations in IP or data packets. An IP PBX may have multiple interfaces. These include interfaces for a data network and other interfaces that allow for a connection to a telephony or circuit-switched network.

The development of real-time Internet protocols has made it possible to successfully send voice and fax messages over a data network. Such real-time Internet protocols include the VoIP protocols that are used with Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging: Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for voice messaging and T.38 for faxing. These protocols have made it possible to successfully send voice and fax messages over a data network. Real-time VoIP protocols are required to send voice messages over a packet-switched or data network so that the delivery order and timing of data packets can be maintained and controlled. If these protocols were not used to maintain and control the delivery and timing of the data packets, a person's voice would be broken up and would be sound incoherent or the images might appear garbled. For more information about VoIP protocols that are used in Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Understanding Protocols, Ports, and Services in Unified Messaging. For a list of IP PBXs that are supported for Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging, see Telephony Advisor for Exchange Server 2007.

Note

Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging supports only SIP over TCP.

Traditional IP PBX Configurations

A standard or traditional IP PBX contains at least a single network interface that connects to a data network by using VoIP protocols. It may also contain additional network interfaces or other telephony interfaces that enable it to connect to an existing telephony network such as the PSTN. The connection to the data network allows for communication with other VoIP hosts that are located on the data network by using IP data packets. These VoIP hosts include other IP PBXs, VoIP-based telephones, IP gateways. and Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging servers. A traditional IP PBX is does not support analog or digital telephones. It supports only VoIP telephones.

The following figure illustrates a typical telephony and data network that includes a traditional IP PBX.

IP PBX configuration

IP/PBX Configuration

Because the IP PBX can already connect to a data network and can convert the circuit-based protocols from the PSTN to packet-switched VoIP protocols, an IP gateway may not be required to enable communication with Unified Messaging servers on the data network.

IP PBX Hybrid Configurations

Hybrid IP PBXs can provide analog, digital, and VoIP-based capabilities. If the correct interfaces are installed on an IP PBX and the software that supports multiple types of interfaces is installed correctly, the IP PBX is considered a hybrid IP PBX. An IP PBX hybrid makes it possible to use a mixture of analog, digital, and IP-based telephones.

Most modern IP PBXs can support and provide all three types of voice communication or a traditional IP PBX can be upgraded to a hybrid IP PBX by installing the necessary interfaces and software or firmware updates.

The mixture of analog, digital, and IP-based telephones makes it possible for users in your organization to use many new features and also provides great flexibility in your telephony environment. Using an IP PBX hybrid also allows for a more gradual migration to a completely VoIP-based telephony environment and voice messaging system for your organization.

The following figure illustrates a typical telephony and data network that includes an IP PBX hybrid configuration.

IP PBX hybrid configuration

IP/PBX Hybrid Configuration

There are several factors that determine whether an IP gateway will be required when you connect with an Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging server. One of these factors is the compatibility of the VoIP protocols that are used by the IP PBX or hybrid IP PBX and Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging. If an IP gateway is not required, it will reduce the complexity of the telephony infrastructure, and the support that you must have for Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging will be simpler.

Calling or Called Party Identification

Calling or called party identification is a telephone company service that can tell the person who is receiving the call the telephone number and sometimes the name of the person who is calling and other information about the call. This information is sent over a serial cable by using call signaling. When a call is received by a PBX or IP PBX from a telephone company, the call includes calling identification information such as the following:

  • The calling party's number

  • The called party's number

  • Status codes such as a ring-no-answer, the state or condition of the line, line busy, and call forward always (CFA)

  • The line or port number that is being used for the call

The call information, which is sent by using one of the signaling methods that is listed later in this section, is also used to enable Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) functionality. Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging does not include support for the Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) feature. However, you can obtain information about how to enable this feature by visiting one of the following third-party Web sites:

These third-party applications can extend Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging to include the Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) and Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging capability.

Note

The third-party Web site information in this topic is provided to help you find the technical information you need. The URLs are subject to change without notice.

In telephony, the signaling information is used to exchange information between endpoints on a network to set up, control, and end calls. Several signaling methods that are used by IP gateways and IP PBXs are supported by Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging. The signaling method that is used depends on the type of device that is being used and the type of signaling method that is used by the telephone company. The most important factor is that the device that is connecting to the telephone company and to the IP gateway or IP PBX must support at least one of the signaling methods that enable calling or called party information to be sent and received by callers. For more information about signaling configuration information for a supported IP gateway, see the following:

Although there are other signaling methods that can be used, the two most popular signaling methods are as follows:

  • Simplified Message Desk Interface (SMDI)   SMDI is a protocol that is used to provide signaling, call control, and calling identification information from an interface between a telephone system and a voice mail system. It is used to provide the voice mail system with the information that it must have to process an incoming call. Every time that an incoming call is sent by using SMDI over a serial interface or RS-232 interface, the information that is sent will identify the line or port, the type of call, and the calling or called party numbers. The SMDI cable connects from a device such as a PBX to a serial connection on the IP gateway. However, SMDI is also used with IP PBXs. The SMDI protocol allows for a maximum of only 10 digits for each calling and called number. This is a limitation of the protocol and cannot be changed.

  • In-band   In-band signaling allows for the exchange of signaling, call control, and calling identification information from a telephone company. This information is sent over the same channel and in the same band (300 Hz to 3.4 kHz) as the voice and other sounds that are being made during the call. For example, when a user places a call by using DTMF or touchtone dialing and talks to the called party, both the touchtone and the voice conversation use the same channel and band. In-band signaling is less secure because the control signals are exposed to the user and is a less popular signaling method than SMDI. In-band signaling applies only to Channel Associated Signaling (CAS).

    Important

    We recommend that all customers who plan to deploy Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging obtain the assistance of a Unified Messaging specialist. A Unified Messaging specialist will help make sure that there is a smooth transition to Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging from a legacy voice mail system. Performing a new deployment or upgrading a legacy voice mail system requires significant PBX and Exchange 2007 Unified Messaging knowledge. For more information about how to contact a Unified Messaging specialist, see the Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Unified Messaging (UM) Specialists Web site.

For More Information

For more information about other telephony concepts, see Overview of Telephony Concepts and Components.