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Generics in the .NET Framework

  • Article

Generics let you tailor a method, class, structure, or interface to the precise data type it acts upon. For example, instead of using the Hashtable class, which allows keys and values to be of any type, you can use the Dictionary<TKey, TValue> generic class and specify the type allowed for the key and the type allowed for the value. Among the benefits of generics are increased code reusability and type safety.

This topic provides an overview of generics in the .NET Framework and a summary of generic types or methods. It contains the following sections:

  • Defining and Using Generics

  • Generics Terminology

  • Class Library and Language Support

  • Nested Types and Generics

  • Related Topics

  • Reference

Defining and Using Generics

Generics are classes, structures, interfaces, and methods that have placeholders (type parameters) for one or more of the types that they store or use. A generic collection class might use a type parameter as a placeholder for the type of objects that it stores; the type parameters appear as the types of its fields and the parameter types of its methods. A generic method might use its type parameter as the type of its return value or as the type of one of its formal parameters. The following code illustrates a simple generic class definition.

Public Class Generic(Of T)
    Public Field As T

End Class

public class Generic<T>
{
    public T Field;
}

generic<typename T>
public ref class Generics
{
public:
    T Field;
};

When you create an instance of a generic class, you specify the actual types to substitute for the type parameters. This establishes a new generic class, referred to as a constructed generic class, with your chosen types substituted everywhere that the type parameters appear. The result is a type-safe class that is tailored to your choice of types, as the following code illustrates.

Public Shared Sub Main()
    Dim g As New Generic(Of String)
    g.Field = "A string"
    '...
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field           = ""{0}""", g.Field)
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field.GetType() = {0}", g.Field.GetType().FullName)
End Sub

public static void Main()
{
    Generic<string> g = new Generic<string>();
    g.Field = "A string";
    //...
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field           = \"{0}\"", g.Field);
    Console.WriteLine("Generic.Field.GetType() = {0}", g.Field.GetType().FullName);
}

static void Main()
{
    Generics<String^>^ g = gcnew Generics<String^>();
    g->Field = "A string";
    //...
    Console::WriteLine("Generics.Field           = \"{0}\"", g->Field);
    Console::WriteLine("Generics.Field.GetType() = {0}", g->Field->GetType()->FullName);
}

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Generics Terminology

The following terms are used to discuss generics in the .NET Framework:

  • A generic type definition is a class, structure, or interface declaration that functions as a template, with placeholders for the types that it can contain or use. For example, the System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<TKey, TValue> class can contain two types: keys and values. Because a generic type definition is only a template, you cannot create instances of a class, structure, or interface that is a generic type definition.

  • Generic type parameters, or type parameters, are the placeholders in a generic type or method definition. The System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<TKey, TValue> generic type has two type parameters, TKey and TValue, that represent the types of its keys and values.

  • A constructed generic type, or constructed type, is the result of specifying types for the generic type parameters of a generic type definition.

  • A generic type argument is any type that is substituted for a generic type parameter.

  • The general term generic type includes both constructed types and generic type definitions.

  • Covariance and contravariance of generic type parameters enable you to use constructed generic types whose type arguments are more derived (covariance) or less derived (contravariance) than a target constructed type. Covariance and contravariance are collectively referred to as variance. For more information, see Covariance and Contravariance in Generics.

  • Constraints are limits placed on generic type parameters. For example, you might limit a type parameter to types that implement the System.Collections.Generic.IComparer<T> generic interface, to ensure that instances of the type can be ordered. You can also constrain type parameters to types that have a particular base class, that have a default constructor, or that are reference types or value types. Users of the generic type cannot substitute type arguments that do not satisfy the constraints.

  • A generic method definition is a method with two parameter lists: a list of generic type parameters and a list of formal parameters. Type parameters can appear as the return type or as the types of the formal parameters, as the following code shows.

Function Generic(Of T)(ByVal arg As T) As T
    Dim temp As T = arg
    '...
    Return temp
End Function

T Generic<T>(T arg)
{
    T temp = arg;
    //...
    return temp;
}

generic<typename T>
T Generic(T arg)
{
    T temp = arg;
    //...
    return temp;
}

Generic methods can appear on generic or nongeneric types. It is important to note that a method is not generic just because it belongs to a generic type, or even because it has formal parameters whose types are the generic parameters of the enclosing type. A method is generic only if it has its own list of type parameters. In the following code, only method G is generic.

Class A
    Function G(Of T)(ByVal arg As T) As T
        Dim temp As T = arg
        '...
        Return temp
    End Function
End Class
Class Generic(Of T)
    Function M(ByVal arg As T) As T
        Dim temp As T = arg
        '...
        Return temp
    End Function
End Class

class A
{
    T G<T>(T arg)
    {
        T temp = arg;
        //...
        return temp;
    }
}
class Generic<T>
{
    T M(T arg)
    {
        T temp = arg;
        //...
        return temp;
    }
}

ref class A
{
    generic<typename T>
    T G(T arg)
    {
        T temp = arg;
        //...
        return temp;
    }
};
generic<typename T>
ref class Generic
{
    T M(T arg)
    {
        T temp = arg;
        //...
        return temp;
    }
};

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Class Library and Language Support

The .NET Framework provides a number of generic collection classes in the following namespaces:

Generic interfaces for implementing sort and equality comparisons are provided in the System namespace, along with generic delegate types for event handlers, conversions, and search predicates.

Support for generics has been added to the System.Reflection namespace for examining generic types and generic methods, to System.Reflection.Emit for emitting dynamic assemblies that contain generic types and methods, and to System.CodeDom for generating source graphs that include generics.

The common language runtime provides new opcodes and prefixes to support generic types in Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), including Stelem, Ldelem, Unbox_Any, Constrained, and Readonly.

Visual C++, C#, and Visual Basic all provide full support for defining and using generics. For more information about language support, see Generic Types in Visual Basic (Visual Basic), Introduction to Generics (C# Programming Guide), and Overview of Generics in Visual C++.

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Nested Types and Generics

A type that is nested in a generic type can depend on the type parameters of the enclosing generic type. The common language runtime considers nested types to be generic, even if they do not have generic type parameters of their own. When you create an instance of a nested type, you must specify type arguments for all enclosing generic types.

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Title

Description

Generic Collections in the .NET Framework

Describes generic collection classes and other generic types in the .NET Framework.

Generic Delegates for Manipulating Arrays and Lists

Describes generic delegates for conversions, search predicates, and actions to be taken on elements of an array or collection.

Generic Interfaces

Describes generic interfaces that provide common functionality across families of generic types.

Covariance and Contravariance in Generics

Describes covariance and contravariance in generic type parameters.

Advantages and Limitations of Generics

Summarizes the advantages and restrictions in the use of generics.

Commonly Used Collection Types

Provides summary information about the characteristics and usage scenarios of the collection types in the .NET Framework, including generic types.

When to Use Generic Collections

Describes general rules for determining when to use generic collection types.

How to: Define a Generic Type with Reflection Emit

Explains how to generate dynamic assemblies that include generic types and methods.

Generic Types in Visual Basic (Visual Basic)

Describes the generics feature for Visual Basic users, including how-to topics for using and defining generic types.

Introduction to Generics (C# Programming Guide)

Provides an overview of defining and using generic types for C# users.

Overview of Generics in Visual C++

Describes the generics feature for C++ users, including the differences between generics and templates.

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Reference

System.Collections.Generic

System.Collections.ObjectModel

System.Reflection.Emit.OpCodes

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