System.Numerics.Complex struct
This article provides supplementary remarks to the reference documentation for this API.
A complex number is a number that comprises a real number part and an imaginary number part. A complex number z is usually written in the form z = x + yi, where x and y are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit that has the property i2 = -1. The real part of the complex number is represented by x, and the imaginary part of the complex number is represented by y.
The Complex type uses the Cartesian coordinate system (real, imaginary) when instantiating and manipulating complex numbers. A complex number can be represented as a point in a two-dimensional coordinate system, which is known as the complex plane. The real part of the complex number is positioned on the x-axis (the horizontal axis), and the imaginary part is positioned on the y-axis (the vertical axis).
Any point in the complex plane can also be expressed based on its absolute value, by using the polar coordinate system. In polar coordinates, a point is characterized by two numbers:
- Its magnitude, which is the distance of the point from the origin (that is, 0,0, or the point at which the x-axis and the y-axis intersect).
- Its phase, which is the angle between the real axis and the line drawn from the origin to the point.
Instantiate a complex number
You can assign a value to a complex number in one of the following ways:
By passing two Double values to its constructor. The first value represents the real part of the complex number, and the second value represents its imaginary part. These values represent the position of the complex number in the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.
By calling the static (
Sharedin Visual Basic) Complex.FromPolarCoordinates method to create a complex number from its polar coordinates.By assigning a Byte, SByte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single, or Double value to a Complex object. The value becomes the real part of the complex number, and its imaginary part equals 0.
By casting (in C#) or converting (in Visual Basic) a Decimal or BigInteger value to a Complex object. The value becomes the real part of the complex number, and its imaginary part equals 0.
By assigning the complex number that is returned by a method or operator to a Complex object. For example, Complex.Add is a static method that returns a complex number that is the sum of two complex numbers, and the Complex.Addition operator adds two complex numbers and returns the result.
The following example demonstrates each of these five ways of assigning a value to a complex number.
using System;
using System.Numerics;
public class CreateEx
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create a complex number by calling its class constructor.
Complex c1 = new Complex(12, 6);
Console.WriteLine(c1);
// Assign a Double to a complex number.
Complex c2 = 3.14;
Console.WriteLine(c2);
// Cast a Decimal to a complex number.
Complex c3 = (Complex)12.3m;
Console.WriteLine(c3);
// Assign the return value of a method to a Complex variable.
Complex c4 = Complex.Pow(Complex.One, -1);
Console.WriteLine(c4);
// Assign the value returned by an operator to a Complex variable.
Complex c5 = Complex.One + Complex.One;
Console.WriteLine(c5);
// Instantiate a complex number from its polar coordinates.
Complex c6 = Complex.FromPolarCoordinates(10, .524);
Console.WriteLine(c6);
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// (12, 6)
// (3.14, 0)
// (12.3, 0)
// (1, 0)
// (2, 0)
// (8.65824721882145, 5.00347430269914)
Imports System.Numerics
Module Example
Public Sub Main()
' Create a complex number by calling its class constructor.
Dim c1 As New Complex(12, 6)
Console.WriteLine(c1)
' Assign a Double to a complex number.
Dim c2 As Complex = 3.14
Console.WriteLine(c2)
' Cast a Decimal to a complex number.
Dim c3 As Complex = CType(12.3d, Complex)
Console.WriteLine(c3)
' Assign the return value of a method to a Complex variable.
Dim c4 As Complex = Complex.Pow(Complex.One, -1)
Console.WriteLine(c4)
' Assign the value returned by an operator to a Complex variable.
Dim c5 As Complex = Complex.One + Complex.One
Console.WriteLine(c5)
' Instantiate a complex number from its polar coordinates.
Dim c6 As Complex = Complex.FromPolarCoordinates(10, .524)
Console.WriteLine(c6)
End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' (12, 6)
' (3.14, 0)
' (12.3000001907349, 0)
' (1, 0)
' (2, 0)
' (8.65824721882145, 5.00347430269914)
Operations with complex numbers
The Complex structure in .NET includes members that provide the following functionality:
- Methods to compare two complex numbers to determine whether they are equal.
- Operators to perform arithmetic operations on complex numbers. Complex operators enable you to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary negation with complex numbers.
- Methods to perform other numerical operations on complex numbers. In addition to the four basic arithmetic operations, you can raise a complex number to a specified power, find the square root of a complex number, and get the absolute value of a complex number.
- Methods to perform trigonometric operations on complex numbers. For example, you can calculate the tangent of an angle represented by a complex number.
Note that, because the Real and Imaginary properties are read-only, you cannot modify the value of an existing Complex object. All methods that perform an operation on a Complex number, if their return value is of type Complex, return a new Complex number.
Precision and complex numbers
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number are represented by two double-precision floating-point values. This means that Complex values, like double-precision floating-point values, can lose precision as a result of numerical operations. This means that strict comparisons for equality of two Complex values may fail, even if the difference between the two values is due to a loss of precision. For more information, see Double.
For example, performing exponentiation on the logarithm of a number should return the original number. However, in some cases, the loss of precision of floating-point values can cause slight differences between the two values, as the following example illustrates.
Complex value = new Complex(Double.MinValue / 2, Double.MinValue / 2);
Complex value2 = Complex.Exp(Complex.Log(value));
Console.WriteLine("{0} \n{1} \nEqual: {2}", value, value2,
value == value2);
// The example displays the following output:
// (-8.98846567431158E+307, -8.98846567431158E+307)
// (-8.98846567431161E+307, -8.98846567431161E+307)
// Equal: False
Dim value As New Complex(Double.MinValue / 2, Double.MinValue / 2)
Dim value2 As Complex = Complex.Exp(Complex.Log(value))
Console.WriteLine("{0} {3}{1} {3}Equal: {2}", value, value2,
value = value2,
vbCrLf)
' The example displays the following output:
' (-8.98846567431158E+307, -8.98846567431158E+307)
' (-8.98846567431161E+307, -8.98846567431161E+307)
' Equal: False
Similarly, the following example, which calculates the square root of a Complex number, produces slightly different results on the 32-bit and IA64 versions of .NET.
Complex minusOne = new Complex(-1, 0);
Console.WriteLine(Complex.Sqrt(minusOne));
// The example displays the following output:
// (6.12303176911189E-17, 1) on 32-bit systems.
// (6.12323399573677E-17,1) on IA64 systems.
Dim minusOne As New Complex(-1, 0)
Console.WriteLine(Complex.Sqrt(minusOne))
' The example displays the following output:
' (6.12303176911189E-17, 1) on 32-bit systems.
' (6.12323399573677E-17,1) on IA64 systems.
Infinity and NaN
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number are represented by Double values. In addition to ranging from Double.MinValue to Double.MaxValue, the real or imaginary part of a complex number can have a value of Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity, or Double.NaN. Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity, and Double.NaN all propagate in any arithmetic or trigonometric operation.
In the following example, division by Zero produces a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both Double.NaN. As a result, performing multiplication with this value also produces a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are Double.NaN. Similarly, performing a multiplication that overflows the range of the Double type produces a complex number whose real part is Double.NaN and whose imaginary part is Double.PositiveInfinity. Subsequently performing division with this complex number returns a complex number whose real part is Double.NaN and whose imaginary part is Double.PositiveInfinity.
using System;
using System.Numerics;
public class NaNEx
{
public static void Main()
{
Complex c1 = new Complex(Double.MaxValue / 2, Double.MaxValue / 2);
Complex c2 = c1 / Complex.Zero;
Console.WriteLine(c2.ToString());
c2 = c2 * new Complex(1.5, 1.5);
Console.WriteLine(c2.ToString());
Console.WriteLine();
Complex c3 = c1 * new Complex(2.5, 3.5);
Console.WriteLine(c3.ToString());
c3 = c3 + new Complex(Double.MinValue / 2, Double.MaxValue / 2);
Console.WriteLine(c3);
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// (NaN, NaN)
// (NaN, NaN)
// (NaN, Infinity)
// (NaN, Infinity)
Imports System.Numerics
Module Example4
Public Sub Main()
Dim c1 As Complex = New Complex(Double.MaxValue / 2, Double.MaxValue / 2)
Dim c2 As Complex = c1 / Complex.Zero
Console.WriteLine(c2.ToString())
c2 = c2 * New Complex(1.5, 1.5)
Console.WriteLine(c2.ToString())
Console.WriteLine()
Dim c3 As Complex = c1 * New Complex(2.5, 3.5)
Console.WriteLine(c3.ToString())
c3 = c3 + New Complex(Double.MinValue / 2, Double.MaxValue / 2)
Console.WriteLine(c3)
End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' (NaN, NaN)
' (NaN, NaN)
'
' (NaN, Infinity)
' (NaN, Infinity)
Mathematical operations with complex numbers that are invalid or that overflow the range of the Double data type do not throw an exception. Instead, they return a Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity, or Double.NaN under the following conditions:
- The division of a positive number by zero returns Double.PositiveInfinity.
- Any operation that overflows the upper bound of the Double data type returns Double.PositiveInfinity.
- The division of a negative number by zero returns Double.NegativeInfinity.
- Any operation that overflows the lower bound of the Double data type returns Double.NegativeInfinity.
- The division of a zero by zero returns Double.NaN.
- Any operation that is performed on operands whose values are Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity, or Double.NaN returns Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity, or Double.NaN, depending on the specific operation.
Note that this applies to any intermediate calculations performed by a method. For example, the multiplication of new Complex(9e308, 9e308) and new Complex(2.5, 3.5) uses the formula (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i. The calculation of the real component that results from the multiplication evaluates the expression 9e308 2.5 - 9e308 3.5. Each intermediate multiplication in this expression returns Double.PositiveInfinity, and the attempt to subtract Double.PositiveInfinity from Double.PositiveInfinity returns Double.NaN.
Format a complex number
By default, the string representation of a complex number takes the form (real, imaginary), where real and imaginary are the string representations of the Double values that form the complex number's real and imaginary components. Some overloads of the ToString method allow customization of the string representations of these Double values to reflect the formatting conventions of a particular culture or to appear in a particular format defined by a standard or custom numeric format string. (For more information, see Standard Numeric Format Strings and Custom Numeric Format Strings.)
One of the more common ways of expressing the string representation of a complex number takes the form a + bi, where a is the complex number's real component, and b is the complex number's imaginary component. In electrical engineering, a complex number is most commonly expressed as a + bj. You can return the string representation of a complex number in either of these two forms. To do this, define a custom format provider by implementing the ICustomFormatter and IFormatProvider interfaces, and then call the String.Format(IFormatProvider, String, Object[]) method.
The following example defines a ComplexFormatter class that represents a complex number as a string in the form of either a + bi or a + bj.
using System;
using System.Numerics;
public class ComplexFormatter : IFormatProvider, ICustomFormatter
{
public object GetFormat(Type formatType)
{
if (formatType == typeof(ICustomFormatter))
return this;
else
return null;
}
public string Format(string format, object arg,
IFormatProvider provider)
{
if (arg is Complex)
{
Complex c1 = (Complex)arg;
// Check if the format string has a precision specifier.
int precision;
string fmtString = String.Empty;
if (format.Length > 1)
{
try
{
precision = Int32.Parse(format.Substring(1));
}
catch (FormatException)
{
precision = 0;
}
fmtString = "N" + precision.ToString();
}
if (format.Substring(0, 1).Equals("I", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
return c1.Real.ToString(fmtString) + " + " + c1.Imaginary.ToString(fmtString) + "i";
else if (format.Substring(0, 1).Equals("J", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
return c1.Real.ToString(fmtString) + " + " + c1.Imaginary.ToString(fmtString) + "j";
else
return c1.ToString(format, provider);
}
else
{
if (arg is IFormattable)
return ((IFormattable)arg).ToString(format, provider);
else if (arg != null)
return arg.ToString();
else
return String.Empty;
}
}
}
Imports System.Numerics
Public Class ComplexFormatter
Implements IFormatProvider, ICustomFormatter
Public Function GetFormat(formatType As Type) As Object _
Implements IFormatProvider.GetFormat
If formatType Is GetType(ICustomFormatter) Then
Return Me
Else
Return Nothing
End If
End Function
Public Function Format(fmt As String, arg As Object,
provider As IFormatProvider) As String _
Implements ICustomFormatter.Format
If TypeOf arg Is Complex Then
Dim c1 As Complex = DirectCast(arg, Complex)
' Check if the format string has a precision specifier.
Dim precision As Integer
Dim fmtString As String = String.Empty
If fmt.Length > 1 Then
Try
precision = Int32.Parse(fmt.Substring(1))
Catch e As FormatException
precision = 0
End Try
fmtString = "N" + precision.ToString()
End If
If fmt.Substring(0, 1).Equals("I", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) Then
Return c1.Real.ToString(fmtString) + " + " + c1.Imaginary.ToString(fmtString) + "i"
ElseIf fmt.Substring(0, 1).Equals("J", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) Then
Return c1.Real.ToString(fmtString) + " + " + c1.Imaginary.ToString(fmtString) + "j"
Else
Return c1.ToString(fmt, provider)
End If
Else
If TypeOf arg Is IFormattable Then
Return DirectCast(arg, IFormattable).ToString(fmt, provider)
ElseIf arg IsNot Nothing Then
Return arg.ToString()
Else
Return String.Empty
End If
End If
End Function
End Class
The following example then uses this custom formatter to display the string representation of a complex number.
public class CustomFormatEx
{
public static void Main()
{
Complex c1 = new Complex(12.1, 15.4);
Console.WriteLine("Formatting with ToString(): " +
c1.ToString());
Console.WriteLine("Formatting with ToString(format): " +
c1.ToString("N2"));
Console.WriteLine("Custom formatting with I0: " +
String.Format(new ComplexFormatter(), "{0:I0}", c1));
Console.WriteLine("Custom formatting with J3: " +
String.Format(new ComplexFormatter(), "{0:J3}", c1));
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Formatting with ToString(): (12.1, 15.4)
// Formatting with ToString(format): (12.10, 15.40)
// Custom formatting with I0: 12 + 15i
// Custom formatting with J3: 12.100 + 15.400j
Module Example2
Public Sub Main()
Dim c1 As Complex = New Complex(12.1, 15.4)
Console.WriteLine("Formatting with ToString(): " +
c1.ToString())
Console.WriteLine("Formatting with ToString(format): " +
c1.ToString("N2"))
Console.WriteLine("Custom formatting with I0: " +
String.Format(New ComplexFormatter(), "{0:I0}", c1))
Console.WriteLine("Custom formatting with J3: " +
String.Format(New ComplexFormatter(), "{0:J3}", c1))
End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' Formatting with ToString(): (12.1, 15.4)
' Formatting with ToString(format): (12.10, 15.40)
' Custom formatting with I0: 12 + 15i
' Custom formatting with J3: 12.100 + 15.400j
