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Walkthrough: Create a Button by Using XAML

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The objective of this walkthrough is to learn how to create an animated button for use in a Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) application. This walkthrough uses styles and a template to create a customized button resource that allows reuse of code and separation of button logic from the button declaration. This walkthrough is written entirely in Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML).

Important

This walkthrough guides you through the steps for creating the application by typing or copying and pasting Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) into Visual Studio. If you would prefer to learn how to use a designer to create the same application, see Create a Button by Using Microsoft Expression Blend.

The following figure shows the finished buttons.

Custom buttons that were created by using XAML

Create Basic Buttons

Let's start by creating a new project and adding a few buttons to the window.

To create a new WPF project and add buttons to the window

  1. Start Visual Studio.

  2. Create a new WPF project: On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. Find the Windows Application (WPF) template and name the project "AnimatedButton". This will create the skeleton for the application.

  3. Add basic default buttons: All the files you need for this walkthrough are provided by the template. Open the Window1.xaml file by double clicking it in Solution Explorer. By default, there is a Grid element in Window1.xaml. Remove the Grid element and add a few buttons to the Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) page by typing or copy and pasting the following highlighted code to Window1.xaml:

    <Window x:Class="AnimatedButton.Window1"
  xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
  xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
  Title="AnimatedButton" Height="300" Width="300"
  Background="Black">
  <!-- Buttons arranged vertically inside a StackPanel. -->
  <StackPanel HorizontalAlignment="Left">
      <Button>Button 1</Button>
      <Button>Button 2</Button>
      <Button>Button 3</Button>
  </StackPanel>
</Window>

    Press F5 to run the application; you should see a set of buttons that looks like the following figure.

    Three basic buttons

    Now that you have created the basic buttons, you are finished working in the Window1.xaml file. The rest of the walkthrough focuses on the app.xaml file, defining styles and a template for the buttons.

Set Basic Properties

Next, let's set some properties on these buttons to control the button appearance and layout. Rather than setting properties on the buttons individually, you will use resources to define button properties for the entire application. Application resources are conceptually similar to external Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for Web pages; however, resources are much more powerful than Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), as you will see by the end of this walkthrough. To learn more about resources, see XAML Resources.

To use styles to set basic properties on the buttons

  1. Define an Application.Resources block: Open app.xaml and add the following highlighted markup if it is not already there:

    <Application x:Class="AnimatedButton.App"
  xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
  xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
  StartupUri="Window1.xaml"
  >
  <Application.Resources>
    <!-- Resources for the entire application can be defined here. -->
  </Application.Resources>
</Application>

    Resource scope is determined by where you define the resource. Defining resources in Application.Resources in the app.xaml file enables the resource to be used from anywhere in the application. To learn more about defining the scope of your resources, see XAML Resources.

  2. Create a style and define basic property values with it: Add the following markup to the Application.Resources block. This markup creates a Style that applies to all buttons in the application, setting the Width of the buttons to 90 and the Margin to 10:

    <Application.Resources>
  <Style TargetType="Button">
    <Setter Property="Width" Value="90" />
    <Setter Property="Margin" Value="10" />
  </Style>
</Application.Resources>

    The TargetType property specifies that the style applies to all objects of type Button. Each Setter sets a different property value for the Style. Therefore, at this point every button in the application has a width of 90 and a margin of 10. If you press F5 to run the application, you see the following window.

    Buttons with a width of 90 and a margin of 10

    There is much more you can do with styles, including a variety of ways to fine-tune what objects are targeted, specifying complex property values, and even using styles as input for other styles. For more information, see Styling and Templating.

  3. Set a style property value to a resource: Resources enable a simple way to reuse commonly defined objects and values. It is especially useful to define complex values using resources to make your code more modular. Add the following highlighted markup to app.xaml.

    <Application.Resources>
  <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="GrayBlueGradientBrush" StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1">
    <GradientStop Color="DarkGray" Offset="0" />
    <GradientStop Color="#CCCCFF" Offset="0.5" />
    <GradientStop Color="DarkGray" Offset="1" />
  </LinearGradientBrush>
  <Style TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
    <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource GrayBlueGradientBrush}" />
    <Setter Property="Width" Value="80" />
    <Setter Property="Margin" Value="10" />
  </Style>
</Application.Resources>

    Directly under the Application.Resources block, you created a resource called "GrayBlueGradientBrush". This resource defines a horizontal gradient. This resource can be used as a property value from anywhere in the application, including inside the button style setter for the Background property. Now, all the buttons have a Background property value of this gradient.

    Press F5 to run the application. It should look like the following.

    Buttons with a gradient background

Create a Template That Defines the Look of the Button

In this section, you create a template that customizes the appearance (presentation) of the button. The button presentation is made up of several objects including rectangles and other components to give the button a unique look.

So far, the control of how buttons look in the application has been confined to changing properties of the button. What if you want to make more radical changes to the button's appearance? Templates enable powerful control over the presentation of an object. Because templates can be used within styles, you can apply a template to all objects that the style applies to (in this walkthrough, the button).

To use the template to define the look of the button

  1. Set up the template: Because controls like Button have a Template property, you can define the template property value just like the other property values we have set in a Style using a Setter. Add the following highlighted markup to your button style.

    <Application.Resources>
  <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="GrayBlueGradientBrush"
    StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1">
    <GradientStop Color="DarkGray" Offset="0" />
    <GradientStop Color="#CCCCFF" Offset="0.5" />
    <GradientStop Color="DarkGray" Offset="1" />
  </LinearGradientBrush>
  <Style TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
    <Setter Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource GrayBlueGradientBrush}" />
    <Setter Property="Width" Value="80" />
    <Setter Property="Margin" Value="10" />
    <Setter Property="Template">
      <Setter.Value>
        <!-- The button template is defined here. -->
      </Setter.Value>
    </Setter>
  </Style>
</Application.Resources>

  2. Alter button presentation: At this point, you need to define the template. Add the following highlighted markup. This markup specifies two Rectangle elements with rounded edges, followed by a DockPanel. The DockPanel is used to host the ContentPresenter of the button. A ContentPresenter displays the content of the button. In this walkthrough, the content is text ("Button 1", "Button 2", "Button 3"). All of the template components (the rectangles and the DockPanel) are laid out inside of a Grid.

    <Setter.Value>
  <ControlTemplate TargetType="Button">
    <Grid Width="{TemplateBinding Width}" Height="{TemplateBinding Height}" ClipToBounds="True">
      <!-- Outer Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
      <Rectangle x:Name="outerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="{TemplateBinding Background}" RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20" StrokeThickness="5" Fill="Transparent" />
      <!-- Inner Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
      <Rectangle x:Name="innerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="Transparent" StrokeThickness="20" Fill="{TemplateBinding Background}" RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20" />
      <!-- Present Content (text) of the button. -->
      <DockPanel Name="myContentPresenterDockPanel">
        <ContentPresenter x:Name="myContentPresenter" Margin="20" Content="{TemplateBinding  Content}" TextBlock.Foreground="Black" />
      </DockPanel>
    </Grid>
  </ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>

    Press F5 to run the application. It should look like the following.

    Window with 3 buttons

  3. Add a glasseffect to the template: Next you will add the glass. First you create some resources that create a glass gradient effect. Add these gradient resources anywhere within the Application.Resources block:

    <Application.Resources>
  <GradientStopCollection x:Key="MyGlassGradientStopsResource">
    <GradientStop Color="WhiteSmoke" Offset="0.2" />
    <GradientStop Color="Transparent" Offset="0.4" />
    <GradientStop Color="WhiteSmoke" Offset="0.5" />
    <GradientStop Color="Transparent" Offset="0.75" />
    <GradientStop Color="WhiteSmoke" Offset="0.9" />
    <GradientStop Color="Transparent" Offset="1" />
  </GradientStopCollection>
  <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="MyGlassBrushResource"
    StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1" Opacity="0.75"
    GradientStops="{StaticResource MyGlassGradientStopsResource}" />
<!-- Styles and other resources below here. -->

    These resources are used as the Fill for a rectangle that we insert into the Grid of the button template. Add the following highlighted markup to the template.

    <Setter.Value>
  <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
    <Grid Width="{TemplateBinding Width}" Height="{TemplateBinding Height}"
      ClipToBounds="True">

    <!-- Outer Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
    <Rectangle x:Name="outerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
      VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="{TemplateBinding Background}"
      RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20" StrokeThickness="5" Fill="Transparent" />

    <!-- Inner Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
    <Rectangle x:Name="innerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
      VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="Transparent" StrokeThickness="20"
      Fill="{TemplateBinding Background}" RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20" />

    <!-- Glass Rectangle -->
    <Rectangle x:Name="glassCube" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
      VerticalAlignment="Stretch"
      StrokeThickness="2" RadiusX="10" RadiusY="10" Opacity="0"
      Fill="{StaticResource MyGlassBrushResource}"
      RenderTransformOrigin="0.5,0.5">
      <Rectangle.Stroke>
        <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0.5,0" EndPoint="0.5,1">
          <LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
            <GradientStop Offset="0.0" Color="LightBlue" />
            <GradientStop Offset="1.0" Color="Gray" />
          </LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
        </LinearGradientBrush>
      </Rectangle.Stroke>
      <!-- These transforms have no effect as they are declared here.
      The reason the transforms are included is to be targets
      for animation (see later). -->
      <Rectangle.RenderTransform>
        <TransformGroup>
          <ScaleTransform />
          <RotateTransform />
        </TransformGroup>
      </Rectangle.RenderTransform>
      <!-- A BevelBitmapEffect is applied to give the button a "Beveled" look. -->
      <Rectangle.BitmapEffect>
        <BevelBitmapEffect />
      </Rectangle.BitmapEffect>
    </Rectangle>

    <!-- Present Text of the button. -->
    <DockPanel Name="myContentPresenterDockPanel">
      <ContentPresenter x:Name="myContentPresenter" Margin="20"
        Content="{TemplateBinding  Content}" TextBlock.Foreground="Black" />
    </DockPanel>
  </Grid>
</ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>

    Notice that the Opacity of the rectangle with the x:Name property of "glassCube" is 0, so when you run the sample, you do not see the glass rectangle overlaid on top. This is because we will later add triggers to the template for when the user interacts with the button. However, you can see what the button looks like now by changing the Opacity value to 1 and running the application. See the following figure. Before proceeding to the next step, change the Opacity back to 0.

    Custom buttons that were created by using XAML

Create Button Interactivity

In this section, you will create property triggers and event triggers to change property values and run animations in response to user actions such as moving the mouse pointer over the button and clicking.

An easy way to add interactivity (mouse-over, mouse-leave, click, and so on) is to define triggers within your template or style. To create a Trigger, you define a property "condition" such as: The button IsMouseOver property value is equal to true. You then define setters (actions) that take place when the trigger condition is true.

To create button interactivity

  1. Add template triggers: Add the highlighted markup to your template.

    <Setter.Value>
  <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type Button}">
    <Grid Width="{TemplateBinding Width}"
      Height="{TemplateBinding Height}" ClipToBounds="True">

      <!-- Outer Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
      <Rectangle x:Name="outerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
      VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="{TemplateBinding Background}"
      RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20" StrokeThickness="5" Fill="Transparent" />

      <!-- Inner Rectangle with rounded corners. -->
      <Rectangle x:Name="innerRectangle" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
        VerticalAlignment="Stretch" Stroke="Transparent"
        StrokeThickness="20"
        Fill="{TemplateBinding Background}" RadiusX="20" RadiusY="20"
      />

      <!-- Glass Rectangle -->
      <Rectangle x:Name="glassCube" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
        VerticalAlignment="Stretch"
        StrokeThickness="2" RadiusX="10" RadiusY="10" Opacity="0"
        Fill="{StaticResource MyGlassBrushResource}"
        RenderTransformOrigin="0.5,0.5">
        <Rectangle.Stroke>
          <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0.5,0" EndPoint="0.5,1">
            <LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
              <GradientStop Offset="0.0" Color="LightBlue" />
              <GradientStop Offset="1.0" Color="Gray" />
            </LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
          </LinearGradientBrush>
        </Rectangle.Stroke>

        <!-- These transforms have no effect as they
             are declared here.
             The reason the transforms are included is to be targets
             for animation (see later). -->
        <Rectangle.RenderTransform>
          <TransformGroup>
            <ScaleTransform />
            <RotateTransform />
          </TransformGroup>
        </Rectangle.RenderTransform>

          <!-- A BevelBitmapEffect is applied to give the button a
               "Beveled" look. -->
        <Rectangle.BitmapEffect>
          <BevelBitmapEffect />
        </Rectangle.BitmapEffect>
      </Rectangle>

      <!-- Present Text of the button. -->
      <DockPanel Name="myContentPresenterDockPanel">
        <ContentPresenter x:Name="myContentPresenter" Margin="20"
          Content="{TemplateBinding  Content}" TextBlock.Foreground="Black" />
      </DockPanel>
    </Grid>

    <ControlTemplate.Triggers>       <!-- Set action triggers for the buttons and define            what the button does in response to those triggers. -->     </ControlTemplate.Triggers>
  </ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>

  2. Add property triggers: Add the highlighted markup to the ControlTemplate.Triggers block:

    <ControlTemplate.Triggers>

  <!-- Set properties when mouse pointer is over the button. -->   <Trigger Property="IsMouseOver" Value="True">     <!-- Below are three property settings that occur when the           condition is met (user mouses over button).  -->     <!-- Change the color of the outer rectangle when user           mouses over it. -->     <Setter Property ="Rectangle.Stroke" TargetName="outerRectangle"       Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.HighlightBrushKey}}" />     <!-- Sets the glass opacity to 1, therefore, the           glass "appears" when user mouses over it. -->     <Setter Property="Rectangle.Opacity" Value="1" TargetName="glassCube" />     <!-- Makes the text slightly blurry as though you           were looking at it through blurry glass. -->     <Setter Property="ContentPresenter.BitmapEffect"        TargetName="myContentPresenter">       <Setter.Value>         <BlurBitmapEffect Radius="1" />       </Setter.Value>     </Setter>   </Trigger>

<ControlTemplate.Triggers/>

    Press F5 to run the application and see the effect as you run the mouse pointer over the buttons.

  3. Add a focus trigger: Next, we'll add some similar setters to handle the case when the button has focus (for example, after the user clicks it).

    <ControlTemplate.Triggers>

  <!-- Set properties when mouse pointer is over the button. -->
  <Trigger Property="IsMouseOver" Value="True">

    <!-- Below are three property settings that occur when the
         condition is met (user mouses over button).  -->
    <!-- Change the color of the outer rectangle when user          mouses over it. -->
    <Setter Property ="Rectangle.Stroke" TargetName="outerRectangle"
      Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.HighlightBrushKey}}" />

    <!-- Sets the glass opacity to 1, therefore, the          glass "appears" when user mouses over it. -->
    <Setter Property="Rectangle.Opacity" Value="1"       TargetName="glassCube" />

    <!-- Makes the text slightly blurry as though you were          looking at it through blurry glass. -->
    <Setter Property="ContentPresenter.BitmapEffect"       TargetName="myContentPresenter">
      <Setter.Value>
        <BlurBitmapEffect Radius="1" />
      </Setter.Value>
    </Setter>
  </Trigger>
  <!-- Set properties when button has focus. -->   <Trigger Property="IsFocused" Value="true">     <Setter Property="Rectangle.Opacity" Value="1"       TargetName="glassCube" />     <Setter Property="Rectangle.Stroke" TargetName="outerRectangle"       Value="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.HighlightBrushKey}}" />     <Setter Property="Rectangle.Opacity" Value="1" TargetName="glassCube" />   </Trigger>

</ControlTemplate.Triggers>

    Press F5 to run the application and click on one of the buttons. Notice that the button stays highlighted after you click it because it still has focus. If you click another button, the new button gains focus while the last one loses it.

  4. Add animations for MouseEnter and MouseLeave : Next we add some animations to the triggers. Add the following markup anywhere inside of the ControlTemplate.Triggers block.

    <!-- Animations that start when mouse enters and leaves button. -->
<EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Mouse.MouseEnter">
  <EventTrigger.Actions>
    <BeginStoryboard Name="mouseEnterBeginStoryboard">
      <Storyboard>
      <!-- This animation makes the glass rectangle shrink in the X direction. -->
        <DoubleAnimation Storyboard.TargetName="glassCube"
          Storyboard.TargetProperty=
          "(Rectangle.RenderTransform).(TransformGroup.Children)[0].(ScaleTransform.ScaleX)"
          By="-0.1" Duration="0:0:0.5" />
        <!-- This animation makes the glass rectangle shrink in the Y direction. -->
        <DoubleAnimation
        Storyboard.TargetName="glassCube"
          Storyboard.TargetProperty=
          "(Rectangle.RenderTransform).(TransformGroup.Children)[0].(ScaleTransform.ScaleY)"
          By="-0.1" Duration="0:0:0.5" />
      </Storyboard>
    </BeginStoryboard>
  </EventTrigger.Actions>
</EventTrigger>
<EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Mouse.MouseLeave">
  <EventTrigger.Actions>
    <!-- Stopping the storyboard sets all animated properties back to default. -->
    <StopStoryboard BeginStoryboardName="mouseEnterBeginStoryboard" />
  </EventTrigger.Actions>
</EventTrigger>

    The glass rectangle shrinks when the mouse pointer moves over the button and returns back to normal size when the pointer leaves.

    There are two animations that are triggered when the pointer goes over the button (MouseEnter event is raised). These animations shrink the glass rectangle along the X and Y axis. Notice the properties on the DoubleAnimation elements — Duration and By. The Duration specifies that the animation occurs over half a second, and By specifies that the glass shrinks by 10%.

    The second event trigger (MouseLeave) simply stops the first one. When you stop a Storyboard, all the animated properties return to their default values. Therefore, when the user moves the pointer off the button, the button goes back to the way it was before the mouse pointer moved over the button. For more information about animations, see Animation Overview.

  5. Add an animation for when the button is clicked: The final step is to add a trigger for when the user clicks the button. Add the following markup anywhere inside of the ControlTemplate.Triggers block:

    <!-- Animation fires when button is clicked, causing glass to spin.  -->
<EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Button.Click">
  <EventTrigger.Actions>
    <BeginStoryboard>
      <Storyboard>
        <DoubleAnimation Storyboard.TargetName="glassCube"
          Storyboard.TargetProperty=
          "(Rectangle.RenderTransform).(TransformGroup.Children)[1].(RotateTransform.Angle)"
          By="360" Duration="0:0:0.5" />
      </Storyboard>
    </BeginStoryboard>
  </EventTrigger.Actions>
</EventTrigger>

    Press F5 to run the application, and click one of the buttons. When you click a button, the glass rectangle spins around.

Summary

In this walkthrough, you performed the following exercises:

  • Targeted a Style to an object type (Button).

  • Controlled basic properties of the buttons in the entire application using the Style.

  • Created resources like gradients to use for property values of the Style setters.

  • Customized the look of buttons in the entire application by applying a template to the buttons.

  • Customized behavior for the buttons in response to user actions (such as MouseEnter, MouseLeave, and Click) that included animation effects.

See also