Using Properties (C# Programming Guide)
Properties combine aspects of both fields and methods. To the user of an object, a property appears to be a field; accessing the property requires the same syntax. To the implementer of a class, a property is one or two code blocks, representing a get
accessor and/or a set
or init
accessor. The code block for the get
accessor is executed when the property is read; the code block for the set
or init
accessor is executed when the property is assigned a value. A property without a set
accessor is considered read-only. A property without a get
accessor is considered write-only. A property that has both accessors is read-write. You can use an init
accessor instead of a set
accessor to enable the property to be set as part of object initialization but otherwise make it read-only.
Unlike fields, properties aren't classified as variables. Therefore, you can't pass a property as a ref
or out
parameter.
Properties have many uses:
- They can validate data before allowing a change.
- They can transparently expose data on a class where that data is retrieved from some other source, such as a database.
- They can take an action when data is changed, such as raising an event, or changing the value of other fields.
Properties are declared in the class block by specifying the access level of the field, followed by the type of the property, followed by the name of the property, and followed by a code block that declares a get
-accessor and/or a set
accessor. For example:
public class Date
{
private int _month = 7; // Backing store
public int Month
{
get => _month;
set
{
if ((value > 0) && (value < 13))
{
_month = value;
}
}
}
}
In this example, Month
is declared as a property so that the set
accessor can make sure that the Month
value is set between 1 and 12. The Month
property uses a private field to track the actual value. The real location of a property's data is often referred to as the property's "backing store." It's common for properties to use private fields as a backing store. The field is marked private in order to make sure that it can only be changed by calling the property. For more information about public and private access restrictions, see Access Modifiers. Automatically implemented properties provide simplified syntax for simple property declarations. For more information, see Automatically implemented properties.
The get accessor
The body of the get
accessor resembles that of a method. It must return a value of the property type. The C# compiler and Just-in-time (JIT) compiler detect common patterns for implementing the get
accessor, and optimizes those patterns. For example, a get
accessor that returns a field without performing any computation is likely optimized to a memory read of that field. Automatically mplemented properties follow this pattern and benefit from these optimizations. However, a virtual get
accessor method can't be inlined because the compiler doesn't know at compile time which method might actually be called at run time. The following example shows a get
accessor that returns the value of a private field _name
:
class Employee
{
private string _name; // the name field
public string Name => _name; // the Name property
}
When you reference the property, except as the target of an assignment, the get
accessor is invoked to read the value of the property. For example:
var employee= new Employee();
//...
System.Console.Write(employee.Name); // the get accessor is invoked here
The get
accessor must be an expression-bodied member, or end in a return or throw statement, and control can't flow off the accessor body.
Warning
It's a bad programming style to change the state of the object by using the get
accessor.
The get
accessor can be used to return the field value or to compute it and return it. For example:
class Manager
{
private string _name;
public string Name => _name != null ? _name : "NA";
}
In the previous example, if you don't assign a value to the Name
property, it returns the value NA
.
The set accessor
The set
accessor resembles a method whose return type is void. It uses an implicit parameter called value
, whose type is the type of the property. The compiler and JIT compiler also recognize common patterns for a set
or init
accessor. Those common patterns are optimized, directly writing the memory for the backing field. In the following example, a set
accessor is added to the Name
property:
class Student
{
private string _name; // the name field
public string Name // the Name property
{
get => _name;
set => _name = value;
}
}
When you assign a value to the property, the set
accessor is invoked by using an argument that provides the new value. For example:
var student = new Student();
student.Name = "Joe"; // the set accessor is invoked here
System.Console.Write(student.Name); // the get accessor is invoked here
It's an error to use the implicit parameter name, value
, for a local variable declaration in a set
accessor.
The init accessor
The code to create an init
accessor is the same as the code to create a set
accessor except that you use the init
keyword instead of set
. The difference is that the init
accessor can only be used in the constructor or by using an object-initializer.
Remarks
Properties can be marked as public
, private
, protected
, internal
, protected internal
, or private protected
. These access modifiers define how users of the class can access the property. The get
and set
accessors for the same property can have different access modifiers. For example, the get
might be public
to allow read-only access from outside the type, and the set
can be private
or protected
. For more information, see Access Modifiers.
A property can be declared as a static property by using the static
keyword. Static properties are available to callers at any time, even if no instance of the class exists. For more information, see Static Classes and Static Class Members.
A property can be marked as a virtual property by using the virtual keyword. Virtual properties enable derived classes to override the property behavior by using the override keyword. For more information about these options, see Inheritance.
A property overriding a virtual property can also be sealed, specifying that for derived classes it's no longer virtual. Lastly, a property can be declared abstract. Abstract properties don't define an implementation in the class, and derived classes must write their own implementation. For more information about these options, see Abstract and Sealed Classes and Class Members.
Note
It is an error to use a virtual, abstract, or override modifier on an accessor of a static property.
Examples
This example demonstrates instance, static, and read-only properties. It accepts the name of the employee from the keyboard, increments NumberOfEmployees
by 1, and displays the Employee name and number.
public class Employee
{
public static int NumberOfEmployees;
private static int _counter;
private string _name;
// A read-write instance property:
public string Name
{
get => _name;
set => _name = value;
}
// A read-only static property:
public static int Counter => _counter;
// A Constructor:
public Employee() => _counter = ++NumberOfEmployees; // Calculate the employee's number:
}
Hidden property example
This example demonstrates how to access a property in a base class that is hidden by another property that has the same name in a derived class:
public class Employee
{
private string _name;
public string Name
{
get => _name;
set => _name = value;
}
}
public class Manager : Employee
{
private string _name;
// Notice the use of the new modifier:
public new string Name
{
get => _name;
set => _name = value + ", Manager";
}
}
class TestHiding
{
public static void Test()
{
Manager m1 = new Manager();
// Derived class property.
m1.Name = "John";
// Base class property.
((Employee)m1).Name = "Mary";
System.Console.WriteLine("Name in the derived class is: {0}", m1.Name);
System.Console.WriteLine("Name in the base class is: {0}", ((Employee)m1).Name);
}
}
/* Output:
Name in the derived class is: John, Manager
Name in the base class is: Mary
*/
The following are important points in the previous example:
- The property
Name
in the derived class hides the propertyName
in the base class. In such a case, thenew
modifier is used in the declaration of the property in the derived class:public new string Name
- The cast
(Employee)
is used to access the hidden property in the base class:((Employee)m1).Name = "Mary";
For more information about hiding members, see the new Modifier.
Override property example
In this example, two classes, Cube
and Square
, implement an abstract class, Shape
, and override its abstract Area
property. Note the use of the override modifier on the properties. The program accepts the side as an input and calculates the areas for the square and cube. It also accepts the area as an input and calculates the corresponding side for the square and cube.
abstract class Shape
{
public abstract double Area
{
get;
set;
}
}
class Square : Shape
{
public double side;
//constructor
public Square(double s) => side = s;
public override double Area
{
get => side * side;
set => side = System.Math.Sqrt(value);
}
}
class Cube : Shape
{
public double side;
//constructor
public Cube(double s) => side = s;
public override double Area
{
get => 6 * side * side;
set => side = System.Math.Sqrt(value / 6);
}
}
class TestShapes
{
static void Main()
{
// Input the side:
System.Console.Write("Enter the side: ");
double side = double.Parse(System.Console.ReadLine());
// Compute the areas:
Square s = new Square(side);
Cube c = new Cube(side);
// Display the results:
System.Console.WriteLine("Area of the square = {0:F2}", s.Area);
System.Console.WriteLine("Area of the cube = {0:F2}", c.Area);
System.Console.WriteLine();
// Input the area:
System.Console.Write("Enter the area: ");
double area = double.Parse(System.Console.ReadLine());
// Compute the sides:
s.Area = area;
c.Area = area;
// Display the results:
System.Console.WriteLine("Side of the square = {0:F2}", s.side);
System.Console.WriteLine("Side of the cube = {0:F2}", c.side);
}
}
/* Example Output:
Enter the side: 4
Area of the square = 16.00
Area of the cube = 96.00
Enter the area: 24
Side of the square = 4.90
Side of the cube = 2.00
*/