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Implement resilient Entity Framework Core SQL connections

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For Azure SQL DB, Entity Framework (EF) Core already provides internal database connection resiliency and retry logic. But you need to enable the Entity Framework execution strategy for each DbContext connection if you want to have resilient EF Core connections.

For instance, the following code at the EF Core connection level enables resilient SQL connections that are retried if the connection fails.

// Program.cs from any ASP.NET Core Web API
// Other code ...
builder.Services.AddDbContext<CatalogContext>(options =>
    {
        options.UseSqlServer(
            builder.Configuration["ConnectionString"],
            sqlServerOptionsAction: sqlOptions =>
            {
                sqlOptions.EnableRetryOnFailure(
                maxRetryCount: 10,
                maxRetryDelay: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30),
                errorNumbersToAdd: null);
            });
    });

Important

Microsoft recommends that you use the most secure authentication flow available. If you're connecting to Azure SQL, Managed Identities for Azure resources is the recommended authentication method.

Execution strategies and explicit transactions using BeginTransaction and multiple DbContexts

When retries are enabled in EF Core connections, each operation you perform using EF Core becomes its own retryable operation. Each query and each call to SaveChanges will be retried as a unit if a transient failure occurs.

However, if your code initiates a transaction using BeginTransaction, you're defining your own group of operations that need to be treated as a unit. Everything inside the transaction has to be rolled back if a failure occurs.

If you try to execute that transaction when using an EF execution strategy (retry policy) and you call SaveChanges from multiple DbContexts, you'll get an exception like this one:

System.InvalidOperationException: The configured execution strategy 'SqlServerRetryingExecutionStrategy' does not support user initiated transactions. Use the execution strategy returned by 'DbContext.Database.CreateExecutionStrategy()' to execute all the operations in the transaction as a retriable unit.

The solution is to manually invoke the EF execution strategy with a delegate representing everything that needs to be executed. If a transient failure occurs, the execution strategy will invoke the delegate again. For example, the following code shows how it's implemented in eShopOnContainers with two multiple DbContexts (_catalogContext and the IntegrationEventLogContext) when updating a product and then saving the ProductPriceChangedIntegrationEvent object, which needs to use a different DbContext.

public async Task<IActionResult> UpdateProduct(
    [FromBody]CatalogItem productToUpdate)
{
    // Other code ...

    var oldPrice = catalogItem.Price;
    var raiseProductPriceChangedEvent = oldPrice != productToUpdate.Price;

    // Update current product
    catalogItem = productToUpdate;

    // Save product's data and publish integration event through the Event Bus
    // if price has changed
    if (raiseProductPriceChangedEvent)
    {
        //Create Integration Event to be published through the Event Bus
        var priceChangedEvent = new ProductPriceChangedIntegrationEvent(
          catalogItem.Id, productToUpdate.Price, oldPrice);

       // Achieving atomicity between original Catalog database operation and the
       // IntegrationEventLog thanks to a local transaction
       await _catalogIntegrationEventService.SaveEventAndCatalogContextChangesAsync(
           priceChangedEvent);

       // Publish through the Event Bus and mark the saved event as published
       await _catalogIntegrationEventService.PublishThroughEventBusAsync(
           priceChangedEvent);
    }
    // Just save the updated product because the Product's Price hasn't changed.
    else
    {
        await _catalogContext.SaveChangesAsync();
    }
}

The first DbContext is _catalogContext and the second DbContext is within the _catalogIntegrationEventService object. The Commit action is performed across all DbContext objects using an EF execution strategy.

To achieve this multiple DbContext commit, the SaveEventAndCatalogContextChangesAsync uses a ResilientTransaction class, as shown in the following code:

public class CatalogIntegrationEventService : ICatalogIntegrationEventService
{
    //…
    public async Task SaveEventAndCatalogContextChangesAsync(
        IntegrationEvent evt)
    {
        // Use of an EF Core resiliency strategy when using multiple DbContexts
        // within an explicit BeginTransaction():
        // https://learn.microsoft.com/ef/core/miscellaneous/connection-resiliency
        await ResilientTransaction.New(_catalogContext).ExecuteAsync(async () =>
        {
            // Achieving atomicity between original catalog database
            // operation and the IntegrationEventLog thanks to a local transaction
            await _catalogContext.SaveChangesAsync();
            await _eventLogService.SaveEventAsync(evt,
                _catalogContext.Database.CurrentTransaction.GetDbTransaction());
        });
    }
}

The ResilientTransaction.ExecuteAsync method basically begins a transaction from the passed DbContext (_catalogContext) and then makes the EventLogService use that transaction to save changes from the IntegrationEventLogContext and then commits the whole transaction.

public class ResilientTransaction
{
    private DbContext _context;
    private ResilientTransaction(DbContext context) =>
        _context = context ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));

    public static ResilientTransaction New (DbContext context) =>
        new ResilientTransaction(context);

    public async Task ExecuteAsync(Func<Task> action)
    {
        // Use of an EF Core resiliency strategy when using multiple DbContexts
        // within an explicit BeginTransaction():
        // https://learn.microsoft.com/ef/core/miscellaneous/connection-resiliency
        var strategy = _context.Database.CreateExecutionStrategy();
        await strategy.ExecuteAsync(async () =>
        {
            await using var transaction = await _context.Database.BeginTransactionAsync();
            await action();
            await transaction.CommitAsync();
        });
    }
}

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