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Schema Registry in Azure Event Hubs

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Schema Registry in Azure Event Hubs provides you with a repository to use and manage schemas in schema-driven event streaming scenarios.

Schema Registry components

An Event Hubs namespace can host schema groups alongside event hubs (or Kafka topics). It hosts a schema registry and can have multiple schema groups. In spite of being hosted in Azure Event Hubs, the schema registry can be used universally with all Azure messaging services and any other message or events broker. Each of these schema groups is a separately securable repository for a set of schemas. Groups can be aligned with a particular application or an organizational unit.

Diagram that shows the components of Schema Registry in Azure Event Hubs.

Schema groups

Schema group is a logical group of similar schemas based on your business criteria. A schema group can hold multiple versions of a schema. The compatibility enforcement setting on a schema group can help ensure that newer schema versions are backwards compatible.

The security boundary imposed by the grouping mechanism help ensures that trade secrets don't inadvertently leak through metadata in situations where the namespace is shared among multiple partners. It also allows for application owners to manage schemas independent of other applications that share the same namespace.

Schemas

Schemas define the contract between producers and consumers. A schema defined in an Event Hubs schema registry helps manage the contract outside of event data, thus removing the payload overhead. A schema has a name, type (example: record, array, and so on.), compatibility mode (none, forward, backward, full), and serialization type (both Avro and JSON). You can create multiple versions of a schema and retrieve and use a specific version of a schema.

Schema formats

Schema formats are used to determine the manner in which a schema is structured and defined, with each format outlining specific guidelines and syntax for defining the structure of the events that will be used for event streaming.

Avro schema

Avro is a popular data serialization system that uses a compact binary format and provides schema evolution capabilities.

To learn more about using Avro schema format with Event Hubs Schema Registry, see:

JSON Schema

JSON Schema is a standardized way of defining the structure and data types of the events. JSON Schema enables the confident and reliable use of the JSON data format in event streaming.

To learn more about using JSON schema format with Event Hubs Schema Registry, see:

Schema evolution

Schemas need to evolve with the business requirement of producers and consumers. Azure Schema Registry supports schema evolution by introducing compatibility modes at the schema group level. When you create a schema group, you can specify the compatibility mode of the schemas that you include in that schema group. When you update a schema, the change should comply with the assigned compatibility mode and then only it creates a new version of the schema.

Note

Schema evolution is only supported for Avro schema format only.

Azure Schema Registry for Event Hubs support following compatibility modes.

Backward compatibility

Backward compatibility mode allows the consumer code to use a new version of schema but it can process messages with old version of the schema. When you use backward compatibility mode in a schema group, it allows following changes to be made on a schema.

  • Delete fields.
  • Add optional fields.

Forward compatibility

Forward compatibility allows the consumer code to use an old version of the schema but it can read messages with the new schema. Forward compatibility mode allows following changes to be made on a schema.

  • Add fields
  • Delete optional fields

No compatibility

When the None compatibility mode is used, the schema registry doesn't do any compatibility checks when you update schemas.

Client SDKs

You can use one of the following libraries to include an Avro serializer, which you can use to serialize and deserialize payloads containing Schema Registry schema identifiers and Avro-encoded data.

Limits

For limits (for example: number of schema groups in a namespace) of Event Hubs, see Event Hubs quotas and limits.

Azure role-based access control

To access a schema registry programmatically, follow these steps:

  1. Register your application in Microsoft Entra ID
  2. Add the security principal of the application to one of the following Azure role-based access control (Azure RBAC) roles at the namespace level.
Role Description
Owner Read, write, and delete Schema Registry groups and schemas.
Contributor Read, write, and delete Schema Registry groups and schemas.
Schema Registry Reader Read and list Schema Registry groups and schemas.
Schema Registry Contributor Read, write, and delete Schema Registry groups and schemas.

For instructions on creating registering an application using the Azure portal, see Register an app with Microsoft Entra ID. Note down the client ID (application ID), tenant ID, and the secret to use in the code.

Next steps