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Use Azure RBAC on Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes clusters

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Kubernetes ClusterRoleBinding and RoleBinding object types help to define authorization in Kubernetes natively. By using this feature, you can use Microsoft Entra ID and role assignments in Azure to control authorization checks on the cluster. Azure role assignments let you granularly control which users can read, write, and delete Kubernetes objects such as deployment, pod, and service.

For a conceptual overview of this feature, see Azure RBAC on Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes.

Prerequisites

  • Install or upgrade the Azure CLI to the latest version.

  • Install the latest version of connectedk8s Azure CLI extension:

    az extension add --name connectedk8s

    If the connectedk8s extension is already installed, you can update it to the latest version by using the following command:

    az extension update --name connectedk8s

  • Connect an existing Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster:

Note

Azure RBAC is not available for Red Hat OpenShift or managed Kubernetes offerings where user access to the API server is restricted (ex: Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)).

Azure RBAC does not currently support Kubernetes clusters operating on ARM64 architecture. Please use Kubernetes RBAC to manage access control for ARM64-based Kubernetes clusters.

For Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) clusters, this feature is available natively and doesn't require the AKS cluster to be connected to Azure Arc.

For Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) clusters enabled by Azure Arc on Azure Stack HCI 23H2, enabling Azure RBAC is currently only supported during Kubernetes cluster creation. To create an AKS cluster enabled by Azure Arc with Azure RBAC enabled, follow the Use Azure RBAC for Kubernetes authorization guide. Note that Azure RBAC is not supported for Azure Stack HCI, version 22H2.

Enable Azure RBAC on the cluster

  1. Get the cluster MSI identity by running the following command:

    az connectedk8s show -g <resource-group> -n <connected-cluster-name>

  2. Get the ID (identity.principalId) from the output and run the following command to assign the Connected Cluster Managed Identity CheckAccess Reader role to the cluster MSI:

    az role assignment create --role "Connected Cluster Managed Identity CheckAccess Reader" --assignee "<Cluster MSI ID>" --scope <cluster ARM ID>

  3. Enable Azure role-based access control (RBAC) on your Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster by running the following command:

    az connectedk8s enable-features -n <clusterName> -g <resourceGroupName> --features azure-rbac

    Note

    Before you run the preceding command, ensure that the kubeconfig file on the machine is pointing to the cluster on which you'll enable the Azure RBAC feature.

    Use --skip-azure-rbac-list with the preceding command for a comma-separated list of usernames, emails, and OpenID connections undergoing authorization checks by using Kubernetes native ClusterRoleBinding and RoleBinding objects instead of Azure RBAC.

Generic cluster where no reconciler is running on the apiserver specification

  1. SSH into every master node of the cluster and take the following steps:

    If your kube-apiserver is a static pod:

    1. The azure-arc-guard-manifests secret in the kube-system namespace contains two files: guard-authn-webhook.yaml and guard-authz-webhook.yaml. Copy these files to the /etc/guard directory of the node.

      sudo mkdir -p /etc/guard
kubectl get secrets azure-arc-guard-manifests -n kube-system -o json | jq -r '.data."guard-authn-webhook.yaml"' | base64 -d > /etc/guard/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
kubectl get secrets azure-arc-guard-manifests -n kube-system -o json | jq -r '.data."guard-authz-webhook.yaml"' | base64 -d > /etc/guard/guard-authz-webhook.yaml

    2. Open the apiserver manifest in edit mode:

      sudo vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml

    3. Add the following specification under volumes:

      - hostPath
    path: /etc/guard
    type: Directory
name: azure-rbac

    4. Add the following specification under volumeMounts:

      - mountPath: /etc/guard
    name: azure-rbac
    readOnly: true

    If your kube-apiserver is a not a static pod:

    1. Open the apiserver manifest in edit mode:

      sudo vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml

    2. Add the following specification under volumes:

      - name: azure-rbac
    secret:
    secretName: azure-arc-guard-manifests

    3. Add the following specification under volumeMounts:

      - mountPath: /etc/guard
    name: azure-rbac
    readOnly: true

  2. Add the following apiserver arguments:

    - --authentication-token-webhook-config-file=/etc/guard/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
- --authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl=5m0s
- --authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl=5m0s
- --authorization-webhook-config-file=/etc/guard/guard-authz-webhook.yaml
- --authorization-webhook-version=v1
- --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC,Webhook

    If the Kubernetes cluster is version 1.19.0 or later, you also need to set the following apiserver argument:

    - --authentication-token-webhook-version=v1

  3. Save and close the editor to update the apiserver pod.

Cluster created by using Cluster API

  1. Copy the guard secret that contains authentication and authorization webhook configuration files from the workload cluster onto your machine:

    kubectl get secret azure-arc-guard-manifests -n kube-system -o yaml > azure-arc-guard-manifests.yaml

  2. Change the namespace field in the azure-arc-guard-manifests.yaml file to the namespace within the management cluster where you're applying the custom resources for creation of workload clusters.

  3. Apply this manifest:

    kubectl apply -f azure-arc-guard-manifests.yaml

  4. Edit the KubeadmControlPlane object by running kubectl edit kcp <clustername>-control-plane:

    1. Add the following snippet under files:

      - contentFrom:
    secret:
      key: guard-authn-webhook.yaml
      name: azure-arc-guard-manifests
  owner: root:root
  path: /etc/kubernetes/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
  permissions: "0644"
- contentFrom:
    secret:
      key: guard-authz-webhook.yaml
      name: azure-arc-guard-manifests
  owner: root:root
  path: /etc/kubernetes/guard-authz-webhook.yaml
  permissions: "0644"

    2. Add the following snippet under apiServer > extraVolumes:

      - hostPath: /etc/kubernetes/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
    mountPath: /etc/guard/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
    name: guard-authn
    readOnly: true
- hostPath: /etc/kubernetes/guard-authz-webhook.yaml
    mountPath: /etc/guard/guard-authz-webhook.yaml
    name: guard-authz
    readOnly: true

    3. Add the following snippet under apiServer > extraArgs:

      authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl: 5m0s
authentication-token-webhook-config-file: /etc/guard/guard-authn-webhook.yaml
authentication-token-webhook-version: v1
authorization-mode: Node,RBAC,Webhook
authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl: 5m0s
authorization-webhook-config-file: /etc/guard/guard-authz-webhook.yaml
authorization-webhook-version: v1

    4. Save and close to update the KubeadmControlPlane object. Wait for these changes to appear on the workload cluster.

Create role assignments for users to access the cluster

Owners of the Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes resource can use either built-in roles or custom roles to grant other users access to the Kubernetes cluster.

Built-in roles

Role Description
Azure Arc Kubernetes Viewer Allows read-only access to see most objects in a namespace. This role doesn't allow viewing secrets, because read permission on secrets would enable access to ServiceAccount credentials in the namespace. These credentials would in turn allow API access through that ServiceAccount value (a form of privilege escalation).
Azure Arc Kubernetes Writer Allows read/write access to most objects in a namespace. This role doesn't allow viewing or modifying roles or role bindings. However, this role allows accessing secrets and running pods as any ServiceAccount value in the namespace, so it can be used to gain the API access levels of any ServiceAccount value in the namespace.
Azure Arc Kubernetes Admin Allows admin access. It's intended to be granted within a namespace through RoleBinding. If you use it in RoleBinding, it allows read/write access to most resources in a namespace, including the ability to create roles and role bindings within the namespace. This role doesn't allow write access to resource quota or to the namespace itself.
Azure Arc Kubernetes Cluster Admin Allows superuser access to execute any action on any resource. When you use it in ClusterRoleBinding, it gives full control over every resource in the cluster and in all namespaces. When you use it in RoleBinding, it gives full control over every resource in the role binding's namespace, including the namespace itself.

You can create role assignments scoped to the Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster in the Azure portal on the Access Control (IAM) pane of the cluster resource. You can also use the following Azure CLI commands:

az role assignment create --role "Azure Arc Kubernetes Cluster Admin" --assignee <AZURE-AD-ENTITY-ID> --scope $ARM_ID

In those commands, AZURE-AD-ENTITY-ID can be a username (for example, testuser@mytenant.onmicrosoft.com) or even the appId value of a service principal.

Here's another example of creating a role assignment scoped to a specific namespace within the cluster:

az role assignment create --role "Azure Arc Kubernetes Viewer" --assignee <AZURE-AD-ENTITY-ID> --scope $ARM_ID/namespaces/<namespace-name>

Note

You can create role assignments scoped to the cluster by using either the Azure portal or the Azure CLI. However, only Azure CLI can be used to create role assignments scoped to namespaces.

Custom roles

You can choose to create your own role definition for use in role assignments.

Walk through the following example of a role definition that allows a user to only read deployments. For more information, see the full list of data actions that you can use to construct a role definition.

Copy the following JSON object into a file called custom-role.json. Replace the <subscription-id> placeholder with the actual subscription ID. The custom role uses one of the data actions and lets you view all deployments in the scope (cluster or namespace) where the role assignment is created.

{
    "Name": "Arc Deployment Viewer",
    "Description": "Lets you view all deployments in cluster/namespace.",
    "Actions": [],
    "NotActions": [],
    "DataActions": [
        "Microsoft.Kubernetes/connectedClusters/apps/deployments/read"
    ],
    "NotDataActions": [],
    "assignableScopes": [
        "/subscriptions/<subscription-id>"
    ]
}

  1. Create the role definition by running the following command from the folder where you saved custom-role.json:

    az role definition create --role-definition @custom-role.json

  2. Create a role assignment by using this custom role definition:

    az role assignment create --role "Arc Deployment Viewer" --assignee <AZURE-AD-ENTITY-ID> --scope $ARM_ID/namespaces/<namespace-name>

Configure kubectl with user credentials

There are two ways to get the kubeconfig file that you need to access the cluster:

  • You use the cluster Connect feature (az connectedk8s proxy) of the Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster.
  • The cluster admin shares the kubeconfig file with every other user.

Use cluster connect

Run the following command to start the proxy process:

az connectedk8s proxy -n <clusterName> -g <resourceGroupName>

After the proxy process is running, you can open another tab in your console to start sending your requests to the cluster.

Use a shared kubeconfig file

Using a shared kubeconfig requires slightly different steps depending on your Kubernetes version.

  1. Run the following command to set the credentials for the user. Specify serverApplicationId as 6256c85f-0aad-4d50-b960-e6e9b21efe35 and clientApplicationId as 3f4439ff-e698-4d6d-84fe-09c9d574f06b:

    kubectl config set-credentials <testuser>@<mytenant.onmicrosoft.com> \
--auth-provider=azure \
--auth-provider-arg=environment=AzurePublicCloud \
--auth-provider-arg=client-id=<clientApplicationId> \
--auth-provider-arg=tenant-id=<tenantId> \
--auth-provider-arg=apiserver-id=<serverApplicationId>

  2. Open the kubeconfig file that you created earlier. Under contexts, verify that the context associated with the cluster points to the user credentials that you created in the previous step. To set the current context to these user credentials, run the following command:

    kubectl config set-context --current=true --user=<testuser>@<mytenant.onmicrosoft.com>

  3. Add the config-mode setting under user > config:

    name: testuser@mytenant.onmicrosoft.com
user:
    auth-provider:
    config:
        apiserver-id: $SERVER_APP_ID
        client-id: $CLIENT_APP_ID
        environment: AzurePublicCloud
        tenant-id: $TENANT_ID
        config-mode: "1"
    name: azure

    Note

    Exec plugin is a Kubernetes authentication strategy that allows kubectl to execute an external command to receive user credentials to send to apiserver. Starting with Kubernetes version 1.26, the default Azure authorization plugin is no longer included in client-go and kubectl. With later versions, in order to use the exec plugin to receive user credentials you must use Azure Kubelogin, a client-go credential (exec) plugin that implements Azure authentication.

  4. Install Azure Kubelogin:

    • For Windows or Mac, follow the Azure Kubelogin installation instructions.

    • For Linux or Ubuntu, download the latest version of kubelogin, then run the following commands:

      curl -LO https://github.com/Azure/kubelogin/releases/download/"$KUBELOGIN_VERSION"/kubelogin-linux-amd64.zip 

unzip kubelogin-linux-amd64.zip 

sudo mv bin/linux_amd64/kubelogin /usr/local/bin/ 

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/kubelogin

  5. Kubelogin can be used to authenticate with Azure Arc-enabled clusters by requesting a proof-of-possession (PoP) token. Convert the kubeconfig using kubelogin to use the appropriate login mode. For example, for device code login with a Microsoft Entra user, the commands would be as follows:

    export KUBECONFIG=/path/to/kubeconfig

kubelogin convert-kubeconfig --pop-enabled --pop-claims 'u=<ARM ID of cluster>"

Send requests to the cluster

  1. Run any kubectl command. For example:

    • kubectl get nodes
    • kubectl get pods

  2. After you're prompted for browser-based authentication, copy the device login URL (https://microsoft.com/devicelogin) and open it in your web browser.

  3. Enter the code printed on your console. Copy and paste the code on your terminal into the prompt for device authentication input.

  4. Enter the username (testuser@mytenant.onmicrosoft.com) and the associated password.

  5. If you see an error message like this, it means you're unauthorized to access the requested resource:

    Error from server (Forbidden): nodes is forbidden: User "testuser@mytenant.onmicrosoft.com" cannot list resource "nodes" in API group "" at the cluster scope: User doesn't have access to the resource in Azure. Update role assignment to allow access.

    An administrator needs to create a new role assignment that authorizes this user to have access on the resource.

Use Conditional Access with Microsoft Entra ID

When you're integrating Microsoft Entra ID with your Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster, you can also use Conditional Access to control access to your cluster.

Note

Microsoft Entra Conditional Access is a Microsoft Entra ID P2 capability.

To create an example Conditional Access policy to use with the cluster:

  1. At the top of the Azure portal, search for and select Microsoft Entra ID.

  2. On the menu for Microsoft Entra ID on the left side, select Enterprise applications.

  3. On the menu for enterprise applications on the left side, select Conditional Access.

  4. On the menu for Conditional Access on the left side, select Policies > New policy.

    Screenshot showing how to add a conditional access policy in the Azure portal.

  5. Enter a name for the policy, such as arc-k8s-policy.

  6. Select Users and groups. Under Include, choose Select users and groups. Then choose the users and groups where you want to apply the policy. For this example, choose the same Microsoft Entra group that has administrative access to your cluster.

    Screenshot that shows selecting users or groups to apply the Conditional Access policy.

  7. Select Cloud apps or actions. Under Include, choose Select apps. Then search for and select the server application that you created earlier.

    Screenshot showing how to select a server application in the Azure portal.

  8. Under Access controls, select Grant. Select Grant access > Require device to be marked as compliant.

    Screenshot showing how to allow only compliant devices in the Azure portal.

  9. Under Enable policy, select On > Create.

    Screenshot showing how to enable a conditional access policy in the Azure portal.

Access the cluster again. For example, run the kubectl get nodes command to view nodes in the cluster:

kubectl get nodes

Follow the instructions to sign in again. An error message states that you're successfully logged in, but your admin requires the device that's requesting access to be managed by Microsoft Entra ID in order to access the resource. Follow these steps:

  1. In the Azure portal, go to Microsoft Entra ID.

  2. Select Enterprise applications. Then under Activity, select Sign-ins.

  3. An entry at the top shows Failed for Status and Success for Conditional Access. Select the entry, and then select Conditional Access in Details. Notice that your Conditional Access policy is listed.

    Screenshot showing a failed sign-in entry in the Azure portal.

Configure just-in-time cluster access with Microsoft Entra ID

Another option for cluster access control is to use Privileged Identity Management (PIM) for just-in-time requests.

Note

Microsoft Entra PIM is a Microsoft Entra ID P2 capability. For more on Microsoft Entra ID SKUs, see the pricing guide.

To configure just-in-time access requests for your cluster, complete the following steps:

  1. At the top of the Azure portal, search for and select Microsoft Entra ID.

  2. Take note of the tenant ID. For the rest of these instructions, we'll refer to that ID as <tenant-id>.

    Screenshot showing Microsoft Entra ID details in the Azure portal.

  3. On the menu for Microsoft Entra ID on the left side, under Manage, select Groups > New group.

  4. Make sure that Security is selected for Group type. Enter a group name, such as myJITGroup. Under Microsoft Entra roles can be assigned to this group (Preview), select Yes. Finally, select Create.

    Screenshot showing details for the new group in the Azure portal.

  5. You're brought back to the Groups page. Select your newly created group and take note of the object ID. For the rest of these instructions, we'll refer to this ID as <object-id>.

    Screenshot showing the object ID for the new group in the Azure portal.

  6. Back in the Azure portal, on the menu for Activity on the left side, select Privileged Access (Preview). Then select Enable Privileged Access.

    Screenshot showing selections for enabling privileged access in the Azure portal.

  7. Select Add assignments to begin granting access.

    Screenshot showing how to add active assignments in the Azure portal.

  8. Select a role of Member, and select the users and groups to whom you want to grant cluster access. A group admin can modify these assignments at any time. When you're ready to move on, select Next.

    Screenshot showing how to add assignments in the Azure portal.

  9. Choose an assignment type of Active, choose the desired duration, and provide a justification. When you're ready to proceed, select Assign. For more on assignment types, see Assign eligibility for a privileged access group (preview) in Privileged Identity Management.

    Screenshot showing assignment properties in the Azure portal.

After you've made the assignments, verify that just-in-time access is working by accessing the cluster. For example, use the kubectl get nodes command to view nodes in the cluster:

kubectl get nodes

Note the authentication requirement and follow the steps to authenticate. If authentication is successful, you should see output similar to this:

To sign in, use a web browser to open the page https://microsoft.com/devicelogin and enter the code AAAAAAAAA to authenticate.

NAME      STATUS   ROLES    AGE      VERSION
node-1    Ready    agent    6m36s    v1.18.14
node-2    Ready    agent    6m42s    v1.18.14
node-3    Ready    agent    6m33s    v1.18.14

Next steps