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Running Windows containers on AKS

Azure Application Gateway
Azure Container Registry
Azure Firewall
Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
Azure Role-based access control

This article is meant to be considered as an extension to the AKS Baseline architecture, which provides a thorough review of the recommended configurations to deploy an AKS cluster into a production environment. The focus of this article is on providing guidance relative to deploying Windows containers on AKS. As such, this article focuses on those configurations specific to deploying Windows on AKS and you should refer back to the AKS Baseline documentation for configurations already described there.

Refer to the AKS Windows baseline GitHub project to review the reference implementation associated with this reference architecture including sample deployment code.

Network design

The network design used in this architecture is based off of the design used in the AKS Baseline architecture and therefore shares all of the core components with that design except for the following changes.

  • Active Directory domain controllers have been added to support the Windows-based workloads.
  • The ingress solution in this architecture makes use of Azure Front Door (AFD) and Microsoft Entra application proxy rather than Azure App Gateway, which is used in the AKS Baseline architecture.

Note

Migrating windows workloads into AKS usually does not include major refactoring efforts, and as such the workloads might be using features that were relatively easy to implement on-premises, but pose a challenge on Azure. One example would be an application that uses gMSA and Kerberos authentication. This is a common use case, and as such, this architecture leads with components that address those workloads' needs. Specifically, using application proxy fronted by AFD as part of ingress path. If your workload doesn't need this support, you can follow the same guidance as in the AKS baseline for ingress.

Ingress design

Components:

  • Azure Front Door with WAF: AFD is the public-facing ingress point for the apps hosted on the AKS cluster. AFD Premium is used in this design as it allows the use of Private Link, which locks internal app traffic to private networking, providing the highest level of security. Web Application Firewall (WAF) protects against common web application exploits and vulnerabilities.
  • Microsoft Entra application proxy: This component serves as the second ingress point in front of the internal load balancer managed by AKS. It has Microsoft Entra ID enabled for pre-authentication of users and uses a conditional access policy to prevent unauthorized IP ranges (application proxy sees the originating client IP, which it compares to the conditional access policy) and users from accessing the site. This is the only way to route Kerberos authentication requests while using an Azure service that supports WAF. For a detailed description of providing single sign-on access to Application Proxy-protected apps, refer to Kerberos Constrained Delegation for single sign-on (SSO) to your apps with Application Proxy
  • Internal load balancer: Managed by AKS. This load balancer exposes the ingress controller through a private static IP address. It serves as a single point of contact that receives inbound HTTP requests.
  • No in-cluster ingress controllers (like Nginx) are used in this architecture.

In order to implement this design, AFD must be configured to use the Application Proxy URL that is created when the app is published in that service. This configuration routes inbound traffic to the proxy and allows pre-authentication to happen.

Note

Client source IP preservation is not supported, so application architects should plan alternative measures to externalize that logic outside of the cluster for apps that depend on the source IP address.

Network topology

The diagram below shows the hub-spoke network design used in this architecture.

Diagram that shows the network topology design for the Windows containers on AKS reference architecture Download a Visio file of this architecture.

Node pool topology

This architecture uses three node pools: A system node pool running Linux, a user node pool running Linux, and a user node pool running Windows. The Windows and Linux user node pools are used for workloads while the system node pool is used for all system-level configurations, like CoreDNS.

Ingress traffic flow

Diagram that shows the ingress traffic flow for the Windows containers on AKS reference architecture

  1. The client sends an HTTPS request to the domain name: bicycle.contoso.com. That name is associated with the DNS A record for the public IP address of Azure Front Door. This traffic is encrypted to make sure that the traffic between the client browser and gateway can't be inspected or changed.
  2. Azure Front Door has an integrated web application firewall (WAF) and negotiates the TLS handshake for bicycle.contoso.com, allowing only secure ciphers. Azure Front Door Gateway is a TLS termination point, as it's required to process WAF inspection rules, and execute routing rules that forward the traffic to the configured backend. The TLS certificate is stored in Azure Key Vault.
  3. AFD routes the user request to the Azure Application Proxy. AFD is configured to only allow HTTPS traffic. The user must authenticate with Microsoft Entra ID if pre-authentication is enabled.
  4. The App Proxy routes the user to the backend app container via the AKS load balancer.

Note

You can enforce end-to-end TLS traffic at every hop in the flow, but consider measuring the performance, latency, and operational impact when making the decision to secure pod-to-pod traffic. For most single-tenant clusters, with proper control plane RBAC and mature Software Development Lifecycle practices, it's sufficient to force encryption up to the ingress controller and protect the backend with a Web Application Firewall (WAF). That configuration will minimize overhead in workload management and network performance impacts. Your workload and compliance requirements will dictate where you perform TLS termination.

Egress traffic flow

All guidance found in the AKS Baseline article apply here with an additional recommendation for Windows workloads: In order to take advantage of automatic Windows Server updates, you must not block the required FQDNs in your Azure Firewall ruleset.

Note

Using separate node pools for Linux-based and Windows-based workloads requires the use of a node selector to ensure that when you deploy a given workload, it is deployed into the appropriate node pool based on the workload type.

IP address planning

Unlike AKS clusters with Linux node pools, AKS clusters with Windows node pools require Azure CNI. Using Azure CNI allows a pod to be assigned an IP address from an Azure Virtual Network. The pod can then communicate via the Azure Virtual Network just like any other device. It can connect to other pods, to peered networks or on-premises networks using ExpressRoute or a VPN, or to other Azure services using Private Link.

All guidance relative to planning the IP addresses provided in the AKS Baseline architecture article applies here, with one additional recommendation: consider provisioning a dedicated subnet for your domain controllers. With regard to the Windows node pool, it is recommended that you segregate that from the other node pools logically through separate subnets.

Node pool upgrade

The process for upgrading Windows nodes is unchanged from guidance provided in the Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) node image upgrade documentation but you should consider the following schedule differences to plan your upgrade cadence.

Microsoft provides new Windows Server images, including up-to-date patches, for nodes monthly and doesn't perform any automatic patching or updates. As such, you must manually or programmatically update your nodes according to this schedule. Using GitHub Actions to create a cron job that runs on a schedule allows you to programmatically schedule monthly upgrades. The guidance provided in the documentation linked above reflects Linux node processes, but you can update the YAML file to set your cron schedule to run monthly rather than biweekly. You'll also need to change the “runs-on” parameter in the YAML file to “windows-latest” to ensure that you're upgrading to the most recent Windows Server image.

See the AKS operator's guide on worker node patching and updating for additional guidance.

Note

Clusters must be upgraded before performing node and node pool upgrades. Follow the Cluster upgrades guidance to perform the upgrade.

Compute considerations

The larger image sizes associated with Windows server-based images requires the deployment of appropriately sized OS disks in your node pool. Using ephemeral OS disks is still recommended for all nodes, including Windows, so ensure that you understand the size requirements you must adhere to when planning your deployment.

Identity management

Windows containers cannot be domain joined, so if you require Active Directory authentication and authorization, you can use Group Managed Service Accounts (gMSA). In order to use gMSA, you must enable the gMSA profile on your AKS cluster running Windows nodes. Refer to the gMSA AKS documentation for a full review of the architecture and a guide on enabling the profile.

Node and pod scaling

Cluster autoscaler guidance is unchanged for Windows containers. Refer to the Cluster autoscaler documentation for guidance.

The baseline cluster documentation describes the manual and autoscaling approaches that are available for pod scaling. Both approaches are available for clusters running Windows containers and the guidance provided in that article generally apply here as well.

What differs between Linux and Windows containers with respect to pod scaling operations is the size of the image in most cases. The larger image sizes of Windows containers will likely increase the amount of time for scaling operations to complete and therefore some considerations on scaling approach should be taken. This scenario is common with legacy .NET applications due to the size of the .NET runtime. In order to mitigate the delays in pulling the image down during scaling times, you can utilize a DaemonSet to pull down the image from ACR to cache on every Windows node, and therefore spin up the pods with the image pre-loaded. From that point, the pods would need just to run through the app configuration processes defined for your workload before being brought online.

Benchmarking exercises should be performed to understand the time impact of performing scaling operations and this data should be weighed against business requirements. If your workload needs to scale faster than is possible through autoscaling, it is recommended to consider the following alternative “hot spare” solution:

You'll first need to conduct baseline testing to identify how many pods you'll need to run at peak load times and off-peak load times. With this baseline established, you can plan your node count to account for the total number of nodes you'll need to have available at any given time. This solution involves using manual scaling for your cluster and setting the initial number of nodes to the off-peak number of nodes required. When you approach a peak time period, you'll need to preemptively scale to the peak-load time number of nodes. As time goes on, you'll need to re-establish your baseline regularly to account for changing app usage or other business requirements.

Monitoring

Containers running Windows can be monitored with Azure Monitor and Container Insights, much like Linux containers. As such, the guidance found in the AKS Baseline article apply here as well for the most part. However, Container Insights monitoring for a Windows Server cluster has the following limitations:

  • Windows doesn't have a Memory RSS metric. As a result, it isn't available for Windows nodes and containers. The Working Set metric is available
  • Disk storage capacity information isn't available for Windows nodes.

You can also compliment Container Insights by using data collection rules to collect events and performance counters from your Windows Server systems.

Note

Container insights for Windows Server 2022 operating system is in public preview.

Policy management

All policy guidance found in the AKS baseline article apply for Windows workloads. Additional Windows-specific policies found in the Azure Policy built-in definitions for Azure Kubernetes Service reference article to consider are:

Cluster bootstrapping

As with the cluster bootstrapping guidance provided in the AKS Baseline article, cluster operators should consider their bootstrapping approach for Windows-based workloads as well. The same guidance provided in the AKS Baseline article apply here as well.

Cost management

All cost optimization guidance found in the AKS Baseline article apply for Windows workloads. Other cost considerations that should be accounted for are:

  • The licensing costs for Windows Server increase the cost of nodes for your AKS cluster. Cost optimization recommendations for this factor include reserving capacity or using existing licenses if you already have them for other business uses.
  • The size of Windows container images may incur additional Azure Container Registry (ACR) costs due to the amount of storage required for multiple images, the number of concurrent nodes pulling from the ACR and geo-replication requirements.

Contributors

This article is maintained by Microsoft. It was originally written by the following contributors.

Principal authors:

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