What antispam are you using? Please note that if you are using 3rd party anti-spam filter, it can only filter the messages sent from Internet to your organization, detailed information about this: Manage mail flow using a third-party cloud service with Exchange Online, you could try temporarily disabling the antispam to verify whether the issue is caused by this.
In addition, here is an article discussed about Fix email delivery issues for error code 5.4.6 or 5.4.14 in Exchange Online