Hi Đỗ Hoàng Minh Hưng ,
Welcome to Microsoft Q&A platform and thanks for posting your query here.
The issue you're facing occurs because Azure Synapse Analytics Managed Virtual Network (VNet) doesn't have direct access to services deployed within private VNets.
Probably you need to create a Private Endpoint for your PostgreSQL Flexible Server and link it to Synapse’s Managed VNet.
Since your PostgreSQL Flexible Server uses private access via VNet integration, Synapse can't directly communicate with it unless the proper networking configuration is in place. Creating private endpoint would help in establishing the connection between postgreSQL and Synapse Vnet.
Reference: Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Flexible Server networking with Private Link
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