When column names change in the source database, it's essential to ensure that the metadata in your Power Query and tabular model reflects this change.
Try to manually refresh your Power Query connection to make sure it's fetching the latest metadata from PostgreSQL.
After the metadata refresh, try to delete or modify the column/table and redeploy the model.
You're using SSDT 2019 with Visual Studio 2022, and there could be version mismatches between your extensions and the Visual Studio IDE itself. Consider upgrading SSDT to the latest version compatible with Visual Studio 2022.
Sometimes, cached data in the model or temporary files may cause such errors. Try clearing any local caches (in both Power Query and Azure Analysis Services) and restart the Analysis Services server.