The trigger should return an array of GraphClientReceiveMessage objects which each has an Attachments
property with an array of GraphClientReceiveFileAttachment (same as the attachment object from the underlying Graph API). Each attachment has an Is Inline
property which should be true
for all inline attachments.
But while you do get the file name from this object, the actual CID is not available. For that, the only way available seems to be parsing the body returned from the trigger.
UPDATE: Since the trigger doesn't return the Content ID, one work around would be to call the Graph REST API directly to fetch the complete object instead.
Also, please feel free to raise a feature request to return all types of file attachments instead of the just the base type.