@Mohsauga, Thanks for posting in Q&A. Based on my researching, I find a link describe when you update the device to a later version of Windows, the device loses its system and user certificates.
However, if the above link can't fix the issue, please collect the following information to clarify:
1, How did we deploy the user certificate? is it deployed from Intune SCEP?
2, If we sync on the device with Intune, will we receive the new certificate?
3, Did the previous certificate expires? Did a renewed certificate generate on CA side?
Please try the above suggestion and if there's any update, feel free to let us know.
If the answer is helpful, please click "Accept Answer" and kindly upvote it. If you have extra questions about this answer, please click "Comment".
Note: Please follow the steps in our documentation to enable e-mail notifications if you want to receive the related email notification for this thread.