@Elio Struyf I'm glad that you were able to resolve your issue and thank you for posting your solution so that others experiencing the same thing can easily reference this!
Since the Microsoft Q&A community has a policy that "The question author cannot accept their own answer. They can only accept answers by others ", I'll repost your solution in case you'd like to "Accept " the answer. Accepted answers show up at the top, resulting in improved discoverability for others.
Issue: CORS issue on the Azure Table Storage APIs when calling table endpoints
Solution: Customer shared - "The issue was related to the browser extension host that was not able to call the API. For some reason, it only works on the Table API. Moved the API calls to the background service worker and added the extension ID to the CORS-allowed origins. That made it work."
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