Hi Bienert, Nina,
Welcome to the Microsoft Q&A Platform! Thank you for asking your question here.Check the Mount points /etc/fstab
if this is misconfigured then VM boot might fail.
Please check if SAP HANA has any references to the disk IDs or paths.
Check the new disks have the correct UUIDs/labels as referenced in the system.
Did you check if the new disks are properly attached and are visible in the portal.
Check the Azure policy definitions, for which policy id failing and getting error.
If you still face issue, you can try creating a new VM and reattach those new disks to the new VM.
If you have further queries, please do let me know.