@TU, Thanks for posting in Q&A.
From your description, I know users cannot change their passwords because you have created a conditional access to block Microsoft Admin portal.
Based on my research, currently, when a Conditional Access policy targets the Microsoft Admin Portals cloud app, the policy is enforced for tokens issued to application IDs of the following Microsoft administrative portals:
Azure portal
Exchange admin center
Microsoft 365 admin center
Microsoft 365 Defender portal
Microsoft Entra admin center
Microsoft Intune admin center
Microsoft Purview compliance portal
Microsoft Teams admin center
If you want to block users accessing some specific portals, you can block them in detail not block them all.
Or you can unassign the policy and after users change their passwords, then re-assign the policy.
Moreover, in the Grant session, you can set up the settings to allow users who meet the criteria to access it.
Hope above information can help you.
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