It seems this is not a common issue per my test. However, we can work together to narrow down and resolve the situation. So, please kindly provide more information below to let us work further.
1.What is the version of your SharePoint?
2.Where is the file stored? A SharePoint document library?
3.Whether you share the file with internal user or external user?
4.Any error message when the user accesses the shared file?
5.Other users with sharing permission occurs error?
For internal user, please check below tips.
1.Make the file is published and approved.
2.Check permission for this user. Make sure this user has read permission for the shared file.
3.Remove this user's permissions for the file, then re-share the file with this user again.
For external user, please check below tips.
1.Make the file is published and approved.
2.Go to the SharePoint admin center -> Policies -> Sharing -> Set Content can be shared with Anyone. Also check whether have settings in Limit external sharing by domain.
3.Go to the SharePoint admin center -> Sites -> Active sites -> Select the site -> Sharing -> Set External sharing as Anyone.
4.Go to the site collection where the file is stored -> Site settings -> Site Collection Features -> Deactivate Limited-access user permission lockdown mode feature.
5.Remove this user's permissions for the file, then re-share the file with this user again.
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