@Jordan Toms, Thanks for posting in Q&A.
From your description, I know you have enrolled your device in Intune using "Enroll without User Affinity" for multiple users.
Here are some steps you can refer to fix the issue.
1.Open Apple Business Manager and find the device.
2.Check the MDM Authority and set to Intune if it is still pointing to your DEP profile/provider.
3.Power off iOS device (critical step!)
4.Sync VPP token in Intune.
5.Wait like 15 minutes.
6.Power on iOS device and retry.
Or try to delete the device from Intune and Entra portal and re-create a new enrollment profile to re-enroll.
If there is any update, feel free to let me know.
If the answer is helpful, please click "Accept Answer" and kindly upvote it. If you have extra questions about this answer, please click "Comment".
Note: Please follow the steps in our documentation to enable e-mail notifications if you want to receive the related email notification for this thread.