Had the same issue on Windows 10 with a domain account accessing the desktop. The user was not added as a user on the desktop. I had tried providing admin credentials when the install program requested, and i also tried running the setup as admin.
I was able to get around it by explicitly adding the account to the workstation as Administrator on the desktop. Not sure if this was necessary or if i could have just added the account to the desktop as "Standard User" and provided admin credentials during the install. But the former definitely did the trick.
I changed the account back to "Standard User" after the install and logged into both creative cloud and acrobat.