Develop code in Databricks notebooks

This page describes how to develop code in Databricks notebooks, including autocomplete, automatic formatting for Python and SQL, combining Python and SQL in a notebook, and tracking the notebook version history.

For more details about advanced functionality available with the editor, such as autocomplete, variable selection, multi-cursor support, and side-by-side diffs, see Navigate the Databricks notebook and file editor.

When you use the notebook or the file editor, Databricks Assistant is available to help you generate, explain, and debug code. See Use Databricks Assistant for more information.

Databricks notebooks also include a built-in interactive debugger for Python notebooks. See Debug notebooks.

Modularize your code

Important

This feature is in Public Preview.

With Databricks Runtime 11.3 LTS and above, you can create and manage source code files in the Azure Databricks workspace, and then import these files into your notebooks as needed.

For more information on working with source code files, see Share code between Databricks notebooks and Work with Python and R modules.

Format code cells

Azure Databricks provides tools that allow you to format Python and SQL code in notebook cells quickly and easily. These tools reduce the effort to keep your code formatted and help to enforce the same coding standards across your notebooks.

Python black formatter library

Important

This feature is in Public Preview.

Azure Databricks supports Python code formatting using black within the notebook. The notebook must be attached to a cluster with black and tokenize-rt Python packages installed.

On Databricks Runtime 11.3 LTS and above, Azure Databricks preinstalls black and tokenize-rt. You can use the formatter directly without needing to install these libraries.

On Databricks Runtime 10.4 LTS and below, you must install black==22.3.0 and tokenize-rt==4.2.1 from PyPI on your notebook or cluster to use the Python formatter. You can run the following command in your notebook:

%pip install black==22.3.0 tokenize-rt==4.2.1

or install the library on your cluster.

For more details about installing libraries, see Python environment management.

For files and notebooks in Databricks Git folders, you can configure the Python formatter based on the pyproject.toml file. To use this feature, create a pyproject.toml file in the Git folder root directory and configure it according to the Black configuration format. Edit the [tool.black] section in the file. The configuration is applied when you format any file and notebook in that Git folder.

How to format Python and SQL cells

You must have CAN EDIT permission on the notebook to format code.

Azure Databricks uses the Gethue/sql-formatter library to format SQL and the black code formatter for Python.

You can trigger the formatter in the following ways:

• Format a single cell

  • Keyboard shortcut: Press Cmd+Shift+F.
  • Command context menu:
    • Format SQL cell: Select Format SQL in the command context dropdown menu of a SQL cell. This menu item is visible only in SQL notebook cells or those with a %sql language magic.
    • Format Python cell: Select Format Python in the command context dropdown menu of a Python cell. This menu item is visible only in Python notebook cells or those with a %python language magic.
  • Notebook Edit menu: Select a Python or SQL cell, and then select Edit > Format Cell(s).

• Format multiple cells

  Select multiple cells and then select Edit > Format Cell(s). If you select cells of more than one language, only SQL and Python cells are formatted. This includes those that use %sql and %python.

• Format all Python and SQL cells in the notebook

  Select Edit > Format Notebook. If your notebook contains more than one language, only SQL and Python cells are formatted. This includes those that use %sql and %python.

Limitations of code formatting

• Black enforces PEP 8 standards for 4-space indentation. Indentation is not configurable.
• Formatting embedded Python strings inside a SQL UDF is not supported. Similarly, formatting SQL strings inside a Python UDF is not supported.

Code languages in notebooks

Set default language

The default language for the notebook appears next to the notebook name.

To change the default language, click the language button and select the new language from the dropdown menu. To ensure that existing commands continue to work, commands of the previous default language are automatically prefixed with a language magic command.

Mix languages

By default, cells use the default language of the notebook. You can override the default language in a cell by clicking the language button and selecting a language from the dropdown menu.

Alternately, you can use the language magic command %<language> at the beginning of a cell. The supported magic commands are: %python, %r, %scala, and %sql.

Note

When you invoke a language magic command, the command is dispatched to the REPL in the execution context for the notebook. Variables defined in one language (and hence in the REPL for that language) are not available in the REPL of another language. REPLs can share state only through external resources such as files in DBFS or objects in object storage.

Notebooks also support a few auxiliary magic commands:

• %sh: Allows you to run shell code in your notebook. To fail the cell if the shell command has a non-zero exit status, add the -e option. This command runs only on the Apache Spark driver, and not the workers. To run a shell command on all nodes, use an init script.
• %fs: Allows you to use dbutils filesystem commands. For example, to run the dbutils.fs.ls command to list files, you can specify %fs ls instead. For more information, see Work with files on Azure Databricks.
• %md: Allows you to include various types of documentation, including text, images, and mathematical formulas and equations. See the next section.

SQL syntax highlighting and autocomplete in Python commands

Syntax highlighting and SQL autocomplete are available when you use SQL inside a Python command, such as in a spark.sql command.

Explore SQL cell results

In a Databricks notebook, results from a SQL language cell are automatically made available as an implicit DataFrame assigned to the variable _sqldf. You can then use this variable in any Python and SQL cells you run afterward, regardless of their position in the notebook.

Note

This feature has the following limitations:

• The _sqldf variable is not available in notebooks that use a SQL warehouse for compute.
• Using _sqldf in subsequent Python cells is supported in Databricks Runtime 13.3 and above.
• Using _sqldf in subsequent SQL cells is only supported on Databricks Runtime 14.3 and above.
• If the query uses the keywords CACHE TABLE or UNCACHE TABLE, the _sqldf variable is not available.

The screenshot below shows how _sqldf can be used in subsequent Python and SQL cells:

Important

The variable _sqldf is reassigned each time a SQL cell is run. To avoid losing reference to a specific DataFrame result, assign it to a new variable name before you run the next SQL cell:

Python

new_dataframe_name = _sqldf

SQL

ALTER VIEW _sqldf RENAME TO new_dataframe_name

Execute SQL cells in parallel

While a command is running and your notebook is attached to an interactive cluster, you can run a SQL cell simultaneously with the current command. The SQL cell is executed in a new, parallel session.

To execute a cell in parallel:

1. Run the cell.

2. Click Run now. The cell is immediately executed.

   

Because the cell is run in a new session, temporary views, UDFs, and the implicit Python DataFrame (_sqldf) are not supported for cells that are executed in parallel. In addition, the default catalog and database names are used during parallel execution. If your code refers to a table in a different catalog or database, you must specify the table name using three-level namespace (catalog.schema.table).

Execute SQL cells on a SQL warehouse

You can run SQL commands in a Databricks notebook on a SQL warehouse, a type of compute that is optimized for SQL analytics. See Use a notebook with a SQL warehouse.

Display images

Azure Databricks supports the display of images in Markdown cells. You can display images stored in the Workspace, Volumes, or FileStore.

Display images stored in the Workspace

You can use either absolute paths or relative paths to display images stored in the Workspace. To display an image stored in the Workspace, use the following syntax:

%md
![my_test_image](/Workspace/absolute/path/to/image.png)

![my_test_image](./relative/path/to/image.png)

Display images stored in Volumes

You can use absolute paths to display images stored in Volumes. To display an image stored in Volumes, use the following syntax:

%md
![my_test_image](/Volumes/absolute/path/to/image.png)

Display images stored in the FileStore

To display images stored in the FileStore, use the following syntax:

%md
![my_test_image](files/image.png)

For example, suppose you have the Databricks logo image file in FileStore:

dbfs ls dbfs:/FileStore/

databricks-logo-mobile.png

When you include the following code in a Markdown cell:

the image is rendered in the cell:

Drag and drop images

You can drag and drop images from your local file system into Markdown cells. The image is uploaded to the current Workspace directory and displayed in the cell.

Display mathematical equations

Notebooks support KaTeX for displaying mathematical formulas and equations. For example,

%md
\\(c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \\)

\\(A{_i}{_j}=B{_i}{_j}\\)

$$c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$$

\\[A{_i}{_j}=B{_i}{_j}\\]

renders as:

and

%md
\\( f(\beta)= -Y_t^T X_t \beta + \sum log( 1+{e}^{X_t\bullet\beta}) + \frac{1}{2}\delta^t S_t^{-1}\delta\\)

where \\(\delta=(\beta - \mu_{t-1})\\)

renders as:

Include HTML

You can include HTML in a notebook by using the function displayHTML. See HTML, D3, and SVG in notebooks for an example of how to do this.

Note

The displayHTML iframe is served from the domain databricksusercontent.com and the iframe sandbox includes the allow-same-origin attribute. databricksusercontent.com must be accessible from your browser. If it is currently blocked by your corporate network, it must added to an allow list.

Link to other notebooks

You can link to other notebooks or folders in Markdown cells using relative paths. Specify the href attribute of an anchor tag as the relative path, starting with a $ and then follow the same pattern as in Unix file systems:

%md
<a href="$./myNotebook">Link to notebook in same folder as current notebook</a>
<a href="$../myFolder">Link to folder in parent folder of current notebook</a>
<a href="$./myFolder2/myNotebook2">Link to nested notebook</a>