Hi @Sauli Lehtinen ,
Welcome to our forum!
Does this issue occur when you send emails to Gmail on OWA?
If so, according to the NDR your provided, i'm afraid that the issue is with backend.
It's suggested that you could contact Microsoft support for further investigation: contact the global administrator in your organization to open a service request in Microsoft 365 admin center>Support>Help & Support.
Hope to help you!
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