ALTER TABLE computed_column_definition (Transact-SQL)
Applies to: 
SQL Server
Azure SQL Database
Azure SQL Managed Instance
SQL database in Microsoft Fabric
Specifies the properties of a computed column that is added to a table by using ALTER TABLE.
Transact-SQL syntax conventions
Syntax
column_name AS computed_column_expression
[ PERSISTED [ NOT NULL ] ]
[
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }
[ CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED ]
[ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor ]
[ WITH ( <index_option> [, ...n ] ) ]
[ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name ) | filegroup
| "default" } ]
| [ FOREIGN KEY ]
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
[ ON DELETE { NO ACTION | CASCADE } ]
[ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION } ]
[ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]
| CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression )
]
Arguments
column_name
Is the name of the column to be altered, added, or dropped. column_name can be 1 through 128 characters. For new columns, column_name can be omitted for columns created with a timestamp data type. If no column_name is specified for a timestamp data type column, the name timestamp is used.
computed_column_expression
Is an expression that defines the value of a computed column. A computed column is a virtual column that is not physically stored in the table but is computed from an expression that uses other columns in the same table. An expression must yield a value. For example, a computed column could have the definition: cost AS price * qty. Another example with bitwise operators: is_finalised AS is_checked | is_approved. The expression can be a noncomputed column name, constant, function, variable, and any combination of these connected by one or more operators. The expression cannot be a search condition, subquery or include an alias data type.
Computed columns can be used in select lists, WHERE clauses, ORDER BY clauses, or any other locations where regular expressions can be used, but with the following exceptions:
A computed column cannot be used as a DEFAULT or FOREIGN KEY constraint definition or with a NOT NULL constraint definition. However, if the computed column value is defined by a deterministic expression and the data type of the result is allowed in index columns, a computed column can be used as a key column in an index or as part of any PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.
For example, if the table has integer columns a and b, the computed column a + b may be indexed, but computed column a + DATEPART(dd, GETDATE()) cannot be indexed, because the value might change in subsequent invocations.
A computed column cannot be the target of an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
Note
Because each row in a table can have different values for columns involved in a computed column, the computed column may not have the same result for each row.
PERSISTED
Specifies that the Database Engine will physically store the computed values in the table, and update the values when any other columns on which the computed column depends are updated. Marking a computed column as PERSISTED allows an index to be created on a computed column that is deterministic, but not precise. For more information, see Indexes on Computed Columns. Any computed columns used as partitioning columns of a partitioned table must be explicitly marked PERSISTED. computed_column_expression must be deterministic when PERSISTED is specified.
NULL | NOT NULL
Specifies whether null values are allowed in the column. NULL is not strictly a constraint but can be specified like NOT NULL. NOT NULL can be specified for computed columns only if PERSISTED is also specified.
CONSTRAINT
Specifies the start of the definition for a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.
constraint_name
Is the new constraint. Constraint names must follow the rules for identifiers, except that the name cannot start with a number sign (#). If constraint_name is not supplied, a system-generated name is assigned to the constraint.
PRIMARY KEY
Is a constraint that enforces entity integrity for a specified column or columns by using a unique index. Only one PRIMARY KEY constraint can be created for each table.
UNIQUE
Is a constraint that provides entity integrity for a specific column or columns by using a unique index.
CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED
Specifies that a clustered or nonclustered index is created for the PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint. PRIMARY KEY constraints default to CLUSTERED. UNIQUE constraints default to NONCLUSTERED.
If a clustered constraint or index already exists on a table, CLUSTERED cannot be specified. If a clustered constraint or index already exists on a table, PRIMARY KEY constraints default to NONCLUSTERED.
WITH FILLFACTOR =fillfactor
Specifies how full the SQL Server Database Engine should make each index page used to store the index data. User-specified fillfactor values can be from 1 through 100. If a value is not specified, the default is 0.
Important
Documenting WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor as the only index option that applies to PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints is maintained for backward compatibility, but will not be documented in this manner in future releases. Other index options can be specified in the index_option (Transact-SQL) clause of ALTER TABLE.
FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES
Is a constraint that provides referential integrity for the data in the column or columns. FOREIGN KEY constraints require that each value in the column exists in the corresponding referenced column or columns in the referenced table. FOREIGN KEY constraints can reference only columns that are PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints in the referenced table or columns referenced in a UNIQUE INDEX on the referenced table. Foreign keys on computed columns must also be marked PERSISTED.
ref_table
Is the name of the table referenced by the FOREIGN KEY constraint.
(ref_column )
Is a column from the table referenced by the FOREIGN KEY constraint.
ON DELETE { NO ACTION | CASCADE }
Specifies what action happens to rows in the table if those rows have a referential relationship and the referenced row is deleted from the parent table. The default is NO ACTION.
NO ACTION
The Database Engine raises an error and the delete action on the row in the parent table is rolled back.
CASCADE
Corresponding rows are deleted from the referencing table if that row is deleted from the parent table.
For example, in the AdventureWorks2022 database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table. The ProductVendor.BusinessEntityID foreign key references the Vendor.BusinessEntityID primary key.
If a DELETE statement is executed on a row in the Vendor table, and an ON DELETE CASCADE action is specified for ProductVendor.BusinessEntityID, the Database Engine checks for one or more dependent rows in the ProductVendor table. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are deleted, in addition to the row referenced in the Vendor table.
Conversely, if NO ACTION is specified, the Database Engine raises an error and rolls back the delete action on the Vendor row when there is at least one row in the ProductVendor table that references it.
Do not specify CASCADE if the table will be included in a merge publication that uses logical records. For more information about logical records, see Group Changes to Related Rows with Logical Records.
ON UPDATE { NO ACTION }
Specifies what action happens to rows in the table created when those rows have a referential relationship and the referenced row is updated in the parent table. When NO ACTION is specified, the Database Engine raises an error and rolls back the update action on the Vendor row if there is at least one row in the ProductVendor table that references it.
NOT FOR REPLICATION
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 (10.0.x) and later.
Can be specified for FOREIGN KEY constraints and CHECK constraints. If this clause is specified for a constraint, the constraint is not enforced when replication agents perform insert, update, or delete operations.
CHECK
Is a constraint that enforces domain integrity by limiting the possible values that can be entered into a column or columns. CHECK constraints on computed columns must also be marked PERSISTED.
logical_expression
Is a logical expression that returns TRUE or FALSE. The expression cannot contain a reference to an alias data type.
ON { partition_scheme_name(partition_column_name) | filegroup| "default"}
Applies to: SQL Server 2008 (10.0.x) and later.
Specifies the storage location of the index created for the constraint. If partition_scheme_name is specified, the index is partitioned and the partitions are mapped to the filegroups that are specified by partition_scheme_name. If filegroup is specified, the index is created in the named filegroup. If "default" is specified or if ON is not specified at all, the index is created in the same filegroup as the table. If ON is specified when a clustered index is added for a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint, the whole table is moved to the specified filegroup when the clustered index is created.
Note
In this context, default is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON "default" or ON [default]. If "default" is specified, the QUOTED_IDENTIFIER option must be ON for the current session. This is the default setting. For more information, see SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER (Transact-SQL).
Remarks
Each PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraint generates an index. The number of UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints cannot cause the number of indexes on the table to exceed 999 nonclustered indexes and 1 clustered index.
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER must be ON when you are creating or changing indexes on computed columns or indexed views. For more information, see SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER (Transact-SQL).
In Fabric SQL database, computed columns are allowed to be created, but they will be skipped from mirroring into Fabric OneLake.