Determine effective Database Engine permissions

Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) SQL database in Microsoft Fabric

This article describes how to determine who has permissions to various objects in the SQL Server Database Engine. SQL Server implements two permission systems for the Database Engine. An older system of fixed roles has preconfigured permissions. Beginning with SQL Server 2005 (9.x) a more flexible and precise system is available.

Note

The information in this article applies to SQL Server 2005 (9.x) and later versions. Some types of permissions are not available in some versions of SQL Server.

You should always keep the following points in mind:

• The effective permissions are the aggregate of both permission systems.
• A denial of permissions overrides a grant of permissions.
• If a user is a member of the sysadmin fixed server role, permissions aren't checked further, so denials won't be enforced.
• The old system and new system have similarities. For example, membership in the sysadmin fixed server role is similar to having CONTROL SERVER permission. But the systems aren't identical. For example, if a login only has the CONTROL SERVER permission, and a stored procedures check for membership in the sysadmin fixed server role, then the permission check will fail. The reverse is also true.
• In Fabric SQL database, Microsoft Entra ID for database users is the only supported authentication method. Server-level roles and permissions are not available, only database-level. For more information, see Authorization in SQL database in Microsoft Fabric.

Summary

• Server-level permission can come from membership in the fixed server roles or user-defined server roles. Everyone belongs to the public fixed server role and receives any permission assigned there.
• Server-level permissions can come from permission grants to logins or user-defined server roles.
• Database-level permission can come from membership in the fixed database roles or user-defined database roles in each database. Everyone belongs to the public fixed database role and receives any permission assigned there.
• Database-level permissions can come from permission grants to users or user-defined database roles in each database.
• Permissions can be received from the guest login or guest database user if enabled. The guest login and users are disabled by default.
• Windows users can be members of Windows groups that can have logins. SQL Server learns of Windows group membership when a Windows user connects and presents a Windows token with the security identifier of a Windows group. Because SQL Server doesn't manage or receive automatic updates about Windows group memberships, SQL Server can't reliably report the permissions of Windows users that are received from Windows group membership.
• Permissions can be acquired by switching to an application role and providing the password.
• Permissions can be acquired by executing a stored procedure that includes the EXECUTE AS clause.
• Permissions can be acquired by logins or users with the IMPERSONATE permission.
• Members of the local computer administrator group can always elevate their privileges to sysadmin. (Doesn't apply to SQL Database.)
• Members of the securityadmin fixed server role can elevate many of their privileges and in some cases can elevate the privileges to sysadmin. (Doesn't apply to SQL Database.)
• SQL Server administrators can see information about all logins and users. Less privileged users usually see information about only their own identities.

Older fixed role permission system

Fixed server roles and fixed database roles have preconfigured permissions that can't be changed. To determine who is a member of a fixed server role, execute the following query:

Note

Does not apply to SQL Database or Azure Synapse Analytics where server level permission is not available. The is_fixed_role column of sys.server_principals was added in SQL Server 2012 (11.x). It is not needed for older versions of SQL Server.

SELECT SP1.name AS ServerRoleName,
    ISNULL(SP2.name, 'No members') AS LoginName
FROM sys.server_role_members AS SRM
RIGHT JOIN sys.server_principals AS SP1
    ON SRM.role_principal_id = SP1.principal_id
LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals AS SP2
    ON SRM.member_principal_id = SP2.principal_id
WHERE SP1.is_fixed_role = 1 -- Remove for SQL Server 2008
ORDER BY SP1.name;

Note

All logins are members of the public role and cannot be removed. The query checks tables in the master database, but it can be executed in any database for the on-premises product.

To determine who is a member of a fixed database role, execute the following query in each database.

SELECT DP1.name AS DatabaseRoleName,
    ISNULL(DP2.name, 'No members') AS DatabaseUserName
FROM sys.database_role_members AS DRM
RIGHT JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP1
    ON DRM.role_principal_id = DP1.principal_id
LEFT JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP2
    ON DRM.member_principal_id = DP2.principal_id
WHERE DP1.is_fixed_role = 1
ORDER BY DP1.name;

To understand the permissions that are granted to each role, see the role descriptions at illustrations in Books Online (Server-level roles, and Database-level roles).

Newer granular permission system

This system is flexible, which means it can be complicated if the people setting it up want to be precise. To simplify matters it helps to create roles, assign permissions to roles, and then add groups of people to the roles. And it's easier if the database development team separates activity by schema and then grants role permissions to a whole schema instead of to individual tables or procedures. Real world scenarios are complex and business needs can create unexpected security requirements.

The following image shows the permissions and their relationships to each other. Some of the higher level permissions (such as CONTROL SERVER) are listed many times. In this article, the poster is far too small to read. You can download the full-sized Database Engine Permissions Poster in PDF format.

Security classes

Permissions can be granted at the server-level, the database-level, the schema-level, or the object-level, etc. There are 26 levels (called classes). The complete list of classes in alphabetic order is: APPLICATION ROLE, ASSEMBLY, ASYMMETRIC KEY, AVAILABILITY GROUP, CERTIFICATE, CONTRACT, DATABASE, DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL, ENDPOINT, FULLTEXT CATALOG, FULLTEXT STOPLIST, LOGIN, MESSAGE TYPE, OBJECT, REMOTE SERVICE BINDING, ROLE, ROUTE, SCHEMA, SEARCH PROPERTY LIST, SERVER, SERVER ROLE, SERVICE, SYMMETRIC KEY, TYPE, USER, XML SCHEMA COLLECTION. (Some classes aren't available on some types of SQL Server.) To provide full information about each class requires a different query.

Principals

Permissions are granted to principals. Principals can be server roles, logins, database roles, or users. Logins can represent Windows groups that include many Windows users. Since Windows groups aren't maintained by SQL Server, SQL Server doesn't always know who is a member of a Windows group. When a Windows user connects to SQL Server, the login packet contains the Windows group membership tokens for the user.

When a Windows user connects using a login based on a Windows group, some activities may require SQL Server to create a login or user to represent the individual Windows user. For example, a Windows group (Engineers) contains users (Mary, Todd, Pat) and the Engineers group has a database user account. If Mary has permission and creates a table, a user (Mary) might be created to be the owner of the table. Or if Todd is denied a permission that the rest of the Engineers group has, then the user Todd must be created to track the permission denial.

Remember that a Windows user might be a member of more than one Windows group (for example, both Engineers and Managers). Permissions granted or denied to the Engineers login, to the Managers login, granted or denied to the user individually, and granted or denied to roles that the user is a member of, will all be aggregated and evaluated to for the effective permissions. The HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME function can reveal whether a user or login has a particular permission. However, there is no obvious way of determining the source of the grant or denial of permission. Study the list of permissions and perhaps experiment using trial and error.

Useful queries

Server permissions

The following query returns a list of the permissions that have been granted or denied at the server level. This query should be executed in the master database.

Note

Server-level permissions cannot be granted or queried on SQL Database or Azure Synapse Analytics.

SELECT pr.type_desc,
    pr.name,
    ISNULL(pe.state_desc, 'No permission statements') AS state_desc,
    ISNULL(pe.permission_name, 'No permission statements') AS permission_name
FROM sys.server_principals AS pr
LEFT JOIN sys.server_permissions AS pe
    ON pr.principal_id = pe.grantee_principal_id
WHERE is_fixed_role = 0 -- Remove for SQL Server 2008
ORDER BY pr.name,
    type_desc;

Database permissions

The following query returns a list of the permissions that have been granted or denied at the database level. This query should be executed in each database.

SELECT pr.type_desc,
    pr.name,
    ISNULL(pe.state_desc, 'No permission statements') AS state_desc,
    ISNULL(pe.permission_name, 'No permission statements') AS permission_name
FROM sys.database_principals AS pr
LEFT JOIN sys.database_permissions AS pe
    ON pr.principal_id = pe.grantee_principal_id
WHERE pr.is_fixed_role = 0
ORDER BY pr.name,
    type_desc;

Each class of permission the permission table can be joined to other system views that provide related information about that class of securable. For example, the following query provides the name of the database object that is affected by the permission.

SELECT pr.type_desc,
    pr.name,
    pe.state_desc,
    pe.permission_name,
    s.name + '.' + oj.name AS OBJECT,
    major_id
FROM sys.database_principals AS pr
INNER JOIN sys.database_permissions AS pe
    ON pr.principal_id = pe.grantee_principal_id
INNER JOIN sys.objects AS oj
    ON oj.object_id = pe.major_id
INNER JOIN sys.schemas AS s
    ON oj.schema_id = s.schema_id
WHERE class_desc = 'OBJECT_OR_COLUMN';

Use the HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME function to determine if a particular user (in this case TestUser) has a permission. For example:

EXECUTE AS USER = 'TestUser';
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME ('dbo.T1', 'OBJECT', 'SELECT');
REVERT;

For the details of the syntax, see HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME.

Next steps

• Getting Started with Database Engine Permissions
• Tutorial: Getting Started with Database Engine