Token acquisition

Application types

As explained in Scenarios, there are many ways of acquiring a token with MSAL.NET. Some require interaction and others are completely transparent to the user. The approach used to acquire a token is different depending on whether the developer is building a public client (desktop or mobile) or a confidential client application (web app, web API, or daemon like a Windows service). Public clients generally require user interaction while confidential clients rely on pre-provisioned credentials, like certificates and secrets.

Token caching

For both public and confidential client applications, MSAL.NET supports adding a token cache that preserves authentication and refresh tokens, as well as proactively refreshes those on an as-needed basis. For details, see Token cache serialization in MSAL.NET.

For .NET desktop applications (.NET, .NET Framework, and .NET Core) the application needs to handle the token cache serialization and storage directly; however, helper classes are available to help simplify the process.

Token acquisition methods

Public client applications

• Will often acquire token interactively, having the user sign-in.
• It's also possible for a desktop application running on a Windows machine joined to a domain or to Microsoft Entra ID to use Integrated Windows Authentication (IWA/Kerberos) to acquire a token silently.
  • Keep in mind that the IWA approach is not recommended. A more secure approach using the Web Account Manager (WAM) is available.
• For .NET Framework desktop applications, in limited scenarios it's possible to get a token with a username and password. Due to security considerations, this approach is not recommended.
• In applications running on devices which don't have a web browser, a token can be acquired with the help of the device code flow, which provides the application user with a URL and a code. The user will subsequently go to a web browser on another device, enter the code, and sign in. The authenticating device will then poll Microsoft Entra ID services until it receives confirmation of a successful sign in and an access token.

The following table summarizes the available approaches to acquire tokens in public client applications:

Operating system	Platform	App type	Interactive	IWA	Device Code
Windows (desktop)	.NET	Desktop (WPF, Windows Forms, Console)	✅	✅	✅
Android	.NET MAUI	Mobile	✅	❌	❌
iOS	.NET MAUI	Mobile	✅	❌	✅
macOS, Linux, Windows	.NET Core	Console	N/A see Using web browsers	✅	✅

Confidential client applications

• Acquires token for the application itself, not for a user. Token acquisition is done with the help of client credentials. This flow is useful for syncing tools or tools which process data or user information without a specific identity attached to it.
• For web APIs calling an API on behalf of a user, developers can use On Behalf Of flow. The application itself will use client credentials to acquire a token based on a user assertion (e.g., SAML or a JWT). This flow can be used for applications which need to access resources of a particular user in service-to-service calls.
• For web apps, token acquisition is done using an authorization code after signing the user in through the authorization request URL. This is typically the mechanism used by an application which lets the user sign-in using OpenID Connect and then accesses web APIs on behalf of this particular user.

The following table summarizes the ways to acquire tokens in confidential client applications:

Operating system	Platform	App type	Client Credential	On-Behalf-Of	Auth Code
Windows	.NET Framework	Web app	✅	❌	✅
Windows, macOS, Linux	ASP.NET Core	Web app	✅	❌	✅
Windows	.NET Framework	Web API	✅	✅	❌
Windows, macOS, Linux	ASP.NET Core	Web API	✅	✅	❌
Windows	.NET Framework	Daemon (Windows service)	✅	❌	❌
Windows, macOS, Linux	.NET Core	Daemon	✅	❌	❌

Pattern to acquire tokens in MSAL.NET

All the Acquire Token methods in MSAL.NET have the following pattern:

• From the application, you call the AcquireTokenXXX method corresponding to the flow you want to use, passing the mandatory parameters for this flow (in general flow)
• This returns a command builder, on which you can add optional parameters using .WithYYY methods
• Then you call ExecuteAsync() to get your authentication result.

Here is the pattern:

AuthenticationResult result = app.AcquireTokenXXX(mandatory-parameters)
 .WithYYYParameter(optional-parameter)
 .ExecuteAsync();

AuthenticationResult properties in MSAL.NET

In all cases above, methods to acquire tokens return an AuthenticationResult (or in the case of the async methods a Task<AuthenticationResult>.

In MSAL.NET, AuthenticationResult exposes:

• AccessToken for the Web API to access resources. This is a string, usually a base64 encoded JWT but the client should never look inside the access token. The format isn't guaranteed to remain stable, and it can be encrypted for the resource. People writing code depending on access token content on the client is one of the biggest sources of errors and client logic breaks
• IdToken for the user (this is a JWT)
• ExpiresOn tells the date/time when the token expires
• TenantId contains the tenant in which the user was found. Note that in the case of guest users (Microsoft Entra B2B scenarios), the TenantId is the guest tenant, not the unique tenant. When the token is delivered in the name of a user, AuthenticationResult also contains information about this user. For confidential client flows where tokens are requested with no user (for the application), this User information is null.
• The Scopes for which the token was issued (See Scopes not resources)
• The unique Id for the user.

IAccount

MSAL.NET defines the notion of Account (through the IAccount interface). This breaking change provides the right semantics: the fact that the same user can have several accounts, in different Microsoft Entra directories. Also MSAL.NET provides better information in the case of guest scenarios, as home account information is provided. The following diagram shows the structure of the IAccount interface:

The AccountId class identifies an account in a specific tenant. It has the following properties:

Property	Description
TenantId	A string representation for a GUID, which is the ID of the tenant where the account resides
ObjectId	A string representation for a GUID which is the ID of the user who owns the account in the tenant
Identifier	Unique identifier for the account (this is the concatenation of ObjectId and TenantId separated by a comma and are not base64 encoded)

The IAccount interface represents information about a single account. The same user can be present in different tenants, that is, a user can have multiple accounts. Its members are:

Property	Description
Username	A string containing the displayable value in UserPrincipalName (UPN) format, for example, john.doe@contoso.com. This can be null, whereas the HomeAccountId and HomeAccountId.Identifier won’t be null. This property replaces the DisplayableId property of IUser in previous versions of MSAL.NET.
Environment	A string containing the identity provider for this account, for example, login.microsoftonline.com. This property replaces the IdentityProvider property of IUser, except that IdentityProvider also had information about the tenant (in addition to the cloud environment), whereas here this is only the host.
HomeAccountId	AccountId of the home account for the user. This uniquely identifies the user across Microsoft Entra tenants.