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Error handling in API Management policies

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APPLIES TO: All API Management tiers

By providing a ProxyError object, Azure API Management allows publishers to respond to error conditions, which may occur during processing of requests. The ProxyError object is accessed through the context.LastError property and can be used by policies in the on-error policy section. This article provides a reference for the error handling capabilities in Azure API Management.

Error handling in API Management

Policies in Azure API Management are divided into inbound, backend, outbound, and on-error sections as shown in the following example.

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <!-- statements to be applied to the request go here -->
    </inbound>
    <backend>
        <!-- statements to be applied before the request is
             forwarded to the backend service go here -->
    </backend>
    <outbound>
        <!-- statements to be applied to the response go here -->
    </outbound>
    <on-error>
        <!-- statements to be applied if there is an error
             condition go here -->
    </on-error>
</policies>

During the processing of a request, built-in steps are executed along with any policies, which are in scope for the request. If an error occurs, processing immediately jumps to the on-error policy section. The on-error policy section can be used at any scope. API publishers can configure custom behavior such as logging the error to event hubs or creating a new response to return to the caller.

Note

The on-error section is not present in policies by default. To add the on-error section to a policy, browse to the desired policy in the policy editor and add it. For more information about configuring policies, see Policies in API Management.

If there is no on-error section, callers will receive 400 or 500 HTTP response messages if an error condition occurs.

Policies allowed in on-error

The following policies can be used in the on-error policy section.

LastError

When an error occurs and control jumps to the on-error policy section, the error is stored in context.LastError property, which can be accessed by policies in the on-error section. LastError has the following properties.

Name Type Description Required
Source string Names the element where the error occurred. Could be either policy or a built-in pipeline step name. Yes
Reason string Machine-friendly error code, which could be used in error handling. No
Message string Human-readable error description. Yes
Scope string Name of the scope where the error occurred and could be one of "global", "product", "api", or "operation" No
Section string Section name where error occurred. Possible values: "inbound", "backend", "outbound", or "on-error". No
Path string Specifies nested policy, for example "choose[3]/when[2]". No
PolicyId string Value of the id attribute, if specified by the customer, on the policy where error occurred No

Tip

You can access the status code through context.Response.StatusCode.

Note

All policies have an optional id attribute that can be added to the root element of the policy. If this attribute is present in a policy when an error condition occurs, the value of the attribute can be retrieved using the context.LastError.PolicyId property.

Predefined errors for built-in steps

The following errors are predefined for error conditions that can occur during the evaluation of built-in processing steps.

Source Condition Reason Message
configuration Uri doesn't match to any API or Operation OperationNotFound Unable to match incoming request to an operation.
authorization Subscription key not supplied SubscriptionKeyNotFound Access denied due to missing subscription key. Make sure to include subscription key when making requests to this API.
authorization Subscription key value is invalid SubscriptionKeyInvalid Access denied due to invalid subscription key. Make sure to provide a valid key for an active subscription.
multiple Downstream connection (from a client to an API Management gateway) was aborted by the client while request was pending ClientConnectionFailure multiple
multiple Upstream connection (from an API Management gateway to a backend service) was not established or was aborted by the backend BackendConnectionFailure multiple
multiple Runtime exception had occurred during evaluation of a particular expression ExpressionValueEvaluationFailure multiple

Predefined errors for policies

The following errors are predefined for error conditions that can occur during policy evaluation.

Source Condition Reason Message
rate-limit Rate limit exceeded RateLimitExceeded Rate limit is exceeded
quota Quota exceeded QuotaExceeded Out of call volume quota. Quota will be replenished in xx:xx:xx. -or- Out of bandwidth quota. Quota will be replenished in xx:xx:xx.
jsonp Callback parameter value is invalid (contains wrong characters) CallbackParameterInvalid Value of callback parameter {callback-parameter-name} is not a valid JavaScript identifier.
ip-filter Failed to parse caller IP from request FailedToParseCallerIP Failed to establish IP address for the caller. Access denied.
ip-filter Caller IP is not in allowed list CallerIpNotAllowed Caller IP address {ip-address} is not allowed. Access denied.
ip-filter Caller IP is in blocked list CallerIpBlocked Caller IP address is blocked. Access denied.
check-header Required header not presented or value is missing HeaderNotFound Header {header-name} was not found in the request. Access denied.
check-header Required header not presented or value is missing HeaderValueNotAllowed Header {header-name} value of {header-value} is not allowed. Access denied.
validate-jwt Jwt token is missing in request TokenNotPresent JWT not present.
validate-jwt Signature validation failed TokenSignatureInvalid <message from jwt library>. Access denied.
validate-jwt Invalid audience TokenAudienceNotAllowed <message from jwt library>. Access denied.
validate-jwt Invalid issuer TokenIssuerNotAllowed <message from jwt library>. Access denied.
validate-jwt Token expired TokenExpired <message from jwt library>. Access denied.
validate-jwt Signature key was not resolved by ID TokenSignatureKeyNotFound <message from jwt library>. Access denied.
validate-jwt Required claims are missing from token TokenClaimNotFound JWT token is missing the following claims: <c1>, <c2>, … Access denied.
validate-jwt Claim values mismatch TokenClaimValueNotAllowed Claim {claim-name} value of {claim-value} is not allowed. Access denied.
validate-jwt Other validation failures JwtInvalid <message from jwt library>
forward-request or send-request HTTP response status code and headers were not received from the backend within the configured timeout Timeout multiple

Example

Setting an API policy to:

<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
    </inbound>
    <backend>
        <base />
    </backend>
    <outbound>
        <base />
    </outbound>
    <on-error>
        <set-header name="ErrorSource" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Source)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorReason" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Reason)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorMessage" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Message)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorScope" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Scope)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorSection" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Section)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorPath" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.Path)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorPolicyId" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.LastError.PolicyId)</value>
        </set-header>
        <set-header name="ErrorStatusCode" exists-action="override">
            <value>@(context.Response.StatusCode.ToString())</value>
        </set-header>
        <base />
    </on-error>
</policies>

and sending an unauthorized request will result in the following response:

Unauthorized error response

Next steps

For more information working with policies, see: