Gewusst wie: Definieren eines generischen Typs mit Reflektionsausgabe
In diesem Thema werden die folgenden Aufgaben erläutert: Erstellen eines einfachen generischen Typs mit zwei Typparametern, Anwenden von Klasseneinschränkungen, Schnittstelleneinschränkungen und besonderen Einschränkungen auf die Typparameter sowie Erstellen von Membern, die die Typparameter der Klasse als Parametertypen und Rückgabetypen verwenden.
.gif "Wichtiger Hinweis") Wichtig |
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Eine Methode ist nicht generisch, weil sie zu einem generischen Typ gehört und die Typparameter dieses Typs verwendet.Eine Methode ist nur dann generisch, wenn sie über eine eigene Typparameterliste verfügt.Die meisten Methoden von generischen Typen sind nicht generisch, wie im vorliegenden Beispiel.Ein Beispiel zum Ausgeben einer generischen Methode finden Sie unter Gewusst wie: Definieren einer generischen Methode mit Reflektionsausgabe. |
So definieren Sie einen generischen Typ
Definieren Sie eine dynamische Assembly mit der Bezeichnung GenericEmitExample1. In diesem Beispiel wird die Assembly ausgeführt und auf einem Datenträger gespeichert, daher wird AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave angegeben.
Dim myDomain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain Dim myAsmName As New AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1") Dim myAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly( _ myAsmName, _ AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)AppDomain myDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain; AssemblyName myAsmName = new AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1"); AssemblyBuilder myAssembly = myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(myAsmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);AppDomain^ myDomain = AppDomain::CurrentDomain; AssemblyName^ myAsmName = gcnew AssemblyName( L"GenericEmitExample1" ); AssemblyBuilder^ myAssembly = myDomain->DefineDynamicAssembly( myAsmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess::RunAndSave );Definieren Sie ein dynamisches Modul. Eine Assembly besteht aus ausführbaren Modulen. Bei einer Assembly mit einem Modul entspricht der Modulname dem Assemblynamen, und der Dateiname besteht aus dem Modulnamen und einer Erweiterung.
Dim myModule As ModuleBuilder = myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _ myAsmName.Name, _ myAsmName.Name & ".dll")ModuleBuilder myModule = myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(myAsmName.Name, myAsmName.Name + ".dll");ModuleBuilder^ myModule = myAssembly->DefineDynamicModule( myAsmName->Name, String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );Definieren Sie eine Klasse. In diesem Beispiel trägt die Klasse die Bezeichnung Sample.
Dim myType As TypeBuilder = myModule.DefineType( _ "Sample", _ TypeAttributes.Public)TypeBuilder myType = myModule.DefineType("Sample", TypeAttributes.Public);TypeBuilder^ myType = myModule->DefineType( L"Sample", TypeAttributes::Public );Definieren Sie die generischen Typparameter von Sample, indem Sie ein Array von Zeichenfolgen, das die Namen der Parameter enthält, an die TypeBuilder.DefineGenericParameters-Methode übergeben. Dies macht die Klasse zu einem generischen Typ. Der Rückgabewert ist ein Array von GenericTypeParameterBuilder-Objekten, die die Typparameter darstellen, die im ausgegebenen Code verwendet werden können.
Im folgenden Code wird Sample in einen generischen Typ mit den beiden Typparametern TFirst und TSecond umgewandelt. Um den Code verständlicher zu gestalten, wird jeder GenericTypeParameterBuilder in eine Variable mit dem gleichen Namen wie der Typparameter aufgenommen.
Dim typeParamNames() As String = {"TFirst", "TSecond"} Dim typeParams() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _ myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames) Dim TFirst As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(0) Dim TSecond As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(1)string[] typeParamNames = {"TFirst", "TSecond"}; GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParams = myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames); GenericTypeParameterBuilder TFirst = typeParams[0]; GenericTypeParameterBuilder TSecond = typeParams[1];array<String^>^typeParamNames = {L"TFirst",L"TSecond"}; array<GenericTypeParameterBuilder^>^typeParams = myType->DefineGenericParameters( typeParamNames ); GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TFirst = typeParams[0]; GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TSecond = typeParams[1];Fügen Sie den Typparametern besondere Einschränkungen hinzu. In diesem Beispiel wird der Typparameter TFirst auf Typen mit parameterlosen Konstruktoren und auf Verweistypen eingeschränkt.
TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _ GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint _ Or GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes( GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint | GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint);TFirst->SetGenericParameterAttributes( GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint | GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint );Fügen Sie den Typparametern bei Bedarf Klassen- und Schnittstelleneinschränkungen hinzu. In diesem Beispiel wird der Typparameter TFirst auf Typen eingeschränkt, die von der Basisklasse abgeleitet sind, die von dem in der Variable baseType enthaltenen Type-Objekt dargestellt wird, und die die Schnittstellen implementieren, deren Typen sich in den Variablen interfaceA und interfaceB befinden. Die Deklaration und die Zuweisung dieser Variablen können Sie dem Codebeispiel entnehmen.
TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType) Dim interfaceTypes() As Type = {interfaceA, interfaceB} TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes)TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType); Type[] interfaceTypes = {interfaceA, interfaceB}; TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes);array<Type^>^interfaceTypes = { interfaceA, interfaceB }; TSecond->SetInterfaceConstraints( interfaceTypes ); TSecond->SetBaseTypeConstraint( baseType );Definieren Sie ein Feld. In diesem Beispiel wird der Typ des Felds vom Typparameter TFirst angegeben. GenericTypeParameterBuilder wird von Type abgeleitet, sodass Sie generische Typparameter überall dort verwenden können, wo ein Typ verwendet werden kann.
Dim exField As FieldBuilder = _ myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, _ FieldAttributes.Private)FieldBuilder exField = myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, FieldAttributes.Private);FieldBuilder^ exField = myType->DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, FieldAttributes::Private);Definieren Sie eine Methode, die die Typparameter des generischen Typs verwendet. Beachten Sie, dass solche Methoden nur dann generisch sind, wenn sie über eigene Typparameterlisten verfügen. Im folgenden Code wird eine static-Methode (Shared in Visual Basic) definiert, die ein Array von TFirst akzeptiert und ein List<TFirst> (List(Of TFirst) in Visual Basic) zurückgibt, das sämtliche Elemente des Arrays enthält. Für die Definition dieser Methode muss der Typ List<TFirst> erstellt werden, indem MakeGenericType für die Definition eines generischen Typs List<T> aufgerufen wird. (Wenn Sie den Operator typeof (GetType in Visual Basic) zum Abrufen der Definition eines generischen Typs verwenden, wird das T ausgelassen.) Der Parametertyp wird mithilfe der MakeArrayType-Methode erstellt.
Dim listOf As Type = GetType(List(Of )) Dim listOfTFirst As Type = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst) Dim mParamTypes() As Type = { TFirst.MakeArrayType() } Dim exMethod As MethodBuilder = _ myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", _ MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static, _ listOfTFirst, _ mParamTypes)Type listOf = typeof(List<>); Type listOfTFirst = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst); Type[] mParamTypes = {TFirst.MakeArrayType()}; MethodBuilder exMethod = myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static, listOfTFirst, mParamTypes);Type^ listOf = List::typeid; Type^ listOfTFirst = listOf->MakeGenericType(TFirst); array<Type^>^ mParamTypes = { TFirst->MakeArrayType() }; MethodBuilder^ exMethod = myType->DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", MethodAttributes::Public | MethodAttributes::Static, listOfTFirst, mParamTypes);Geben Sie den Methodentext aus. Der Methodentext besteht aus drei Opcodes, die das Eingabearray auf den Stapel laden, den List<TFirst>-Konstruktor aufrufen, der IEnumerable<TFirst> annimmt (der die Eingabeelemente in die Liste einfügt) und die Methode beenden (wobei das neue List<T>-Objekt auf dem Stapel verbleibt). Der Schwierigkeit beim Ausgeben des Codes liegt im Abrufen des Konstruktors.
Da die GetConstructor-Methode bei einem GenericTypeParameterBuilder nicht unterstützt wird, kann der Konstruktor von List<TFirst> nicht direkt abgerufen werden. Zunächst muss der Konstruktor der Definition des generischen Typs List<T> abgerufen und dann eine Methode aufgerufen werden, die diesen in den entsprechenden Konstruktor von List<TFirst> konvertiert.
Der in diesem Codebeispiel verwendete Konstruktor nimmt ein IEnumerable<T> an. Beachten Sie jedoch, dass es sich dabei nicht um die Definition des generischen Typs der generischen IEnumerable<T>-Schnittstelle handelt. Der Typparameter T von List<T> muss vielmehr durch den Typparameter T von IEnumerable<T> ersetzt werden. (Dies verwirrt auf den ersten Blick, da beide Typen über Typparameter mit der Bezeichnung T verfügen. Daher werden in diesem Codebeispiel die Bezeichnungen TFirst und TSecond verwendet.) Um den Typ des Konstruktorarguments abzurufen, beginnen Sie mit der Definition des generischen Typs IEnumerable<T>, und rufen Sie MakeGenericType mit dem ersten generischen Typparameter von List<T> auf. Die Konstruktorargumentliste muss als Array übergeben werden, in diesem Fall mit nur einem Argument.
.gif "Hinweis")
HinweisDie Definition des generischen Typs wird als IEnumerable<> ausgedrückt, wenn Sie den Operator typeof in C# verwenden, oder als IEnumerable(Of ), wenn Sie den Operator GetType in Visual Basic verwenden.
Der Konstruktor von List<T> kann jetzt durch Aufrufen von GetConstructor für die Definition des generischen Typs aufgerufen werden. Um diesen Konstruktor in den entsprechenden Konstruktor von List<TFirst> zu konvertieren, übergeben Sie List<TFirst> und den Konstruktor von List<T> an die statische TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(Type, ConstructorInfo)-Methode.
Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = exMethod.GetILGenerator() Dim ienumOf As Type = GetType(IEnumerable(Of )) Dim listOfTParams() As Type = listOf.GetGenericArguments() Dim TfromListOf As Type = listOfTParams(0) Dim ienumOfT As Type = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf) Dim ctorArgs() As Type = { ienumOfT } Dim ctorPrep As ConstructorInfo = _ listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs) Dim ctor As ConstructorInfo = _ TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep) ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0) ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor) ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)ILGenerator ilgen = exMethod.GetILGenerator(); Type ienumOf = typeof(IEnumerable<>); Type TfromListOf = listOf.GetGenericArguments()[0]; Type ienumOfT = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf); Type[] ctorArgs = {ienumOfT}; ConstructorInfo ctorPrep = listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs); ConstructorInfo ctor = TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep); ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor); ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);ILGenerator^ ilgen = exMethod->GetILGenerator(); Type^ ienumOf = IEnumerable::typeid; Type^ TfromListOf = listOf->GetGenericArguments()[0]; Type^ ienumOfT = ienumOf->MakeGenericType(TfromListOf); array<Type^>^ ctorArgs = {ienumOfT}; ConstructorInfo^ ctorPrep = listOf->GetConstructor(ctorArgs); ConstructorInfo^ ctor = TypeBuilder::GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep); ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldarg_0); ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Newobj, ctor); ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);Erstellen Sie den Typ, und speichern Sie die Datei.
Dim finished As Type = myType.CreateType() myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name & ".dll")Type finished = myType.CreateType(); myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name+".dll");Type^ finished = myType->CreateType(); myAssembly->Save( String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );Rufen Sie die Methode auf. Die ExampleMethod ist nicht generisch, sie gehört jedoch einem generischen Typ an. Zum Abrufen einer MethodInfo, die aufgerufen werden kann, muss ein konstruierter Typ aus der Typdefinition für Sample erstellt werden. Der konstruierte Typ verwendet die Example-Klasse, die die Einschränkungen für TFirst erfüllt, da es sich um einen Verweistyp mit einem standardmäßig parameterlosen Konstruktor handelt, und die ExampleDerived-Klasse, die die Einschränkungen für TSecond erfüllt. (Den Code für ExampleDerived finden Sie im Beispielcodeabschnitt.) Diese beiden Typen werden zur Erstellung des konstruierten Typs an MakeGenericType übergeben. Anschließend wird die MethodInfo mithilfe der GetMethod-Methode abgerufen.
Dim typeArgs() As Type = _ { GetType(Example), GetType(ExampleDerived) } Dim constructed As Type = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs) Dim mi As MethodInfo = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod")Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(Example), typeof(ExampleDerived)}; Type constructed = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs); MethodInfo mi = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod");array<Type^>^ typeArgs = { Example::typeid, ExampleDerived::typeid }; Type^ constructed = finished->MakeGenericType(typeArgs); MethodInfo^ mi = constructed->GetMethod("ExampleMethod");Im folgenden Code wird ein Array von Example-Objekten erstellt. Dieses wird in ein Array vom Typ Object eingefügt, das die Argumente der aufzurufenden Methode darstellt, und an die Invoke(Object, Object[])-Methode übergeben. Das erste Argument der Invoke-Methode ist ein NULL-Verweis, da die Methode static ist.
Dim input() As Example = { New Example(), New Example() } Dim arguments() As Object = { input } Dim listX As List(Of Example) = mi.Invoke(Nothing, arguments) Console.WriteLine(vbLf & _ "There are {0} elements in the List(Of Example).", _ listX.Count _ )Example[] input = {new Example(), new Example()}; object[] arguments = {input}; List<Example> listX = (List<Example>) mi.Invoke(null, arguments); Console.WriteLine( "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", listX.Count);array<Example^>^ input = { gcnew Example(), gcnew Example() }; array<Object^>^ arguments = { input }; List<Example^>^ listX = (List<Example^>^) mi->Invoke(nullptr, arguments); Console::WriteLine( "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", listX->Count);
Beispiel
Im folgenden Codebeispiel werden neben einer Klasse mit der Bezeichnung Sample eine Basisklasse und zwei Schnittstellen definiert. Das Programm definiert zwei generische Typparameter für Sample und wandelt es in einen generischen Typ um. Ein Typ wird einzig und allein durch Typparameter zu einem generischen Typ. Im Programm wird dies anhand einer Testmeldung angegeben, die vor und nach der Definition der Typparameter angezeigt wird.
Mit dem Typparameter TSecond werden anhand der Basisklasse und Schnittstellen die Klassen- und Schnittstelleneinschränkungen dargestellt, und mit dem Typparameter TFirst werden besondere Einschränkungen dargestellt.
Im Codebeispiel werden ein Feld und eine Methode definiert, wobei die Typparameter der Klasse für den Feldtyp und für den Parameter- und Rückgabetyp der Methode verwendet werden.
Nach dem Erstellen der Sample-Klasse wird die Methode aufgerufen.
Das Programm enthält eine Methode, die Informationen über einen generischen Typ auflistet, und eine Methode, die besondere Einschränkungen für einen Typparameter auflistet. Mit diesen Methoden werden Informationen über die fertig gestellte Sample-Klasse angezeigt.
Das Programm speichert das fertig gestellte Modul als GenericEmitExample1.dll auf dem Datenträger, sodass Sie es mit dem Ildasm.exe (MSIL Disassembler-Tool) öffnen und den MSIL-Code für die Sample-Klasse untersuchen können.
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Collections.Generic
' Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces
' to use when demonstrating constraints.
'
Public Class ExampleBase
End Class
Public Interface IExampleA
End Interface
Public Interface IExampleB
End Interface
' Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter
' TSecond.
'
Public Class ExampleDerived
Inherits ExampleBase
Implements IExampleA, IExampleB
End Class
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
' assembly will not be run, but only saved to disk, so
' AssemblyBuilderAccess.Save is specified.
'
Dim myDomain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain
Dim myAsmName As New AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1")
Dim myAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly( _
myAsmName, _
AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)
' An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
' module assembly, the module name and file name are the same
' as the assembly name.
'
Dim myModule As ModuleBuilder = myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _
myAsmName.Name, _
myAsmName.Name & ".dll")
' Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
' be used as constraints.
'
Dim baseType As Type = GetType(ExampleBase)
Dim interfaceA As Type = GetType(IExampleA)
Dim interfaceB As Type = GetType(IExampleB)
' Define the sample type.
'
Dim myType As TypeBuilder = myModule.DefineType( _
"Sample", _
TypeAttributes.Public)
Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", _
myType.IsGenericType)
' Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this,
' the type is not generic, as the preceding and following
' WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
' specified as an array of strings. To make the code
' easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
' in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
'
Dim typeParamNames() As String = {"TFirst", "TSecond"}
Dim typeParams() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _
myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames)
Dim TFirst As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(0)
Dim TSecond As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(1)
Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", _
myType.IsGenericType)
' Apply constraints to the type parameters.
'
' A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
' must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
' constructor.
TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _
GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint _
Or GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)
' A type that is substituted for the second type
' parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
' inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
' interface constraints are specified as an array
' containing the interface types.
TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType)
Dim interfaceTypes() As Type = {interfaceA, interfaceB}
TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes)
' The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
' of type TFirst.
Dim exField As FieldBuilder = _
myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, _
FieldAttributes.Private)
' Define a Shared method that takes an array of TFirst and
' returns a List(Of TFirst) containing all the elements of
' the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
' the type List(Of TFirst) by calling MakeGenericType on the
' generic type definition, List(Of T). (The T is omitted with
' the GetType operator when you get the generic type
' definition.) The parameter type is created by using the
' MakeArrayType method.
'
Dim listOf As Type = GetType(List(Of ))
Dim listOfTFirst As Type = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst)
Dim mParamTypes() As Type = { TFirst.MakeArrayType() }
Dim exMethod As MethodBuilder = _
myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", _
MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static, _
listOfTFirst, _
mParamTypes)
' Emit the method body.
' The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load
' the input array onto the execution stack, to call the
' List(Of TFirst) constructor that takes IEnumerable(Of TFirst),
' which does all the work of putting the input elements into
' the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
' hard work is getting the constructor.
'
' The GetConstructor method is not supported on a
' GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get
' the constructor of List(Of TFirst) directly. There are two
' steps, first getting the constructor of List(Of T) and then
' calling a method that converts it to the corresponding
' constructor of List(Of TFirst).
'
' The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
' IEnumerable(Of T). Note, however, that this is not the
' generic type definition of IEnumerable(Of T); instead, the
' T from List(Of T) must be substituted for the T of
' IEnumerable(Of T). (This seems confusing only because both
' types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
' uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
' the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
' type definition IEnumerable(Of T) (expressed as
' IEnumerable(Of ) when you use the GetType operator) and
' call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
' of List(Of T). The constructor argument list must be passed
' as an array, with just one argument in this case.
'
' Now it is possible to get the constructor of List(Of T),
' using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
' the constructor of List(Of TFirst), pass List(Of TFirst) and
' the constructor from List(Of T) to the static
' TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
'
Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = exMethod.GetILGenerator()
Dim ienumOf As Type = GetType(IEnumerable(Of ))
Dim listOfTParams() As Type = listOf.GetGenericArguments()
Dim TfromListOf As Type = listOfTParams(0)
Dim ienumOfT As Type = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf)
Dim ctorArgs() As Type = { ienumOfT }
Dim ctorPrep As ConstructorInfo = _
listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs)
Dim ctor As ConstructorInfo = _
TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)
' Create the type and save the assembly.
Dim finished As Type = myType.CreateType()
myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name & ".dll")
' Invoke the method.
' ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
' generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
' it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example
' class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a
' reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
' have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond,
' this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
' two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
' constructed type.
'
Dim typeArgs() As Type = _
{ GetType(Example), GetType(ExampleDerived) }
Dim constructed As Type = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs)
Dim mi As MethodInfo = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod")
' Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
' method. This array must be passed as the only element of an
' array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is
' Nothing, because ExampleMethod is Shared. Display the count
' on the resulting List(Of Example).
'
Dim input() As Example = { New Example(), New Example() }
Dim arguments() As Object = { input }
Dim listX As List(Of Example) = mi.Invoke(Nothing, arguments)
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & _
"There are {0} elements in the List(Of Example).", _
listX.Count _
)
DisplayGenericParameters(finished)
End Sub
Private Shared Sub DisplayGenericParameters(ByVal t As Type)
If Not t.IsGenericType Then
Console.WriteLine("Type '{0}' is not generic.")
Return
End If
If Not t.IsGenericTypeDefinition Then _
t = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition()
Dim typeParameters() As Type = t.GetGenericArguments()
Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & _
"Listing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.", _
typeParameters.Length, t)
For Each tParam As Type In typeParameters
Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & "Type parameter {0}:", _
tParam.ToString())
For Each c As Type In tParam.GetGenericParameterConstraints()
If c.IsInterface Then
Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", c)
Else
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", c)
End If
Next
ListConstraintAttributes(tParam)
Next tParam
End Sub
' List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
' enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
' constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
'
Private Shared Sub ListConstraintAttributes(ByVal t As Type)
' Mask off the constraint flags.
Dim constraints As GenericParameterAttributes = _
t.GenericParameterAttributes And _
GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask
If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint) _
<> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
Console.WriteLine(" ReferenceTypeConstraint")
If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint) _
<> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
Console.WriteLine(" NotNullableValueTypeConstraint")
If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint) _
<> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
Console.WriteLine(" DefaultConstructorConstraint")
End Sub
End Class
' This code example produces the following output:
'
'Type 'Sample' is generic: False
'Type 'Sample' is generic: True
'
'There are 2 elements in the List(Of Example).
'
'Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.
'
'Type parameter TFirst:
' ReferenceTypeConstraint
' DefaultConstructorConstraint
'
'Type parameter TSecond:
' Interface constraint: IExampleA
' Interface constraint: IExampleB
' Base type constraint: ExampleBase
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
using System.Collections.Generic;
// Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces
// to use when demonstrating constraints.
//
public class ExampleBase {}
public interface IExampleA {}
public interface IExampleB {}
// Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter
// TSecond.
//
public class ExampleDerived : ExampleBase, IExampleA, IExampleB {}
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
// assembly will not be run, but only saved to disk, so
// AssemblyBuilderAccess.Save is specified.
//
AppDomain myDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
AssemblyName myAsmName = new AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1");
AssemblyBuilder myAssembly =
myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(myAsmName,
AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);
// An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
// module assembly, the module name and file name are the same
// as the assembly name.
//
ModuleBuilder myModule =
myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(myAsmName.Name,
myAsmName.Name + ".dll");
// Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
// be used as constraints.
//
Type baseType = typeof(ExampleBase);
Type interfaceA = typeof(IExampleA);
Type interfaceB = typeof(IExampleB);
// Define the sample type.
//
TypeBuilder myType =
myModule.DefineType("Sample", TypeAttributes.Public);
Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}",
myType.IsGenericType);
// Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this,
// the type is not generic, as the preceding and following
// WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
// specified as an array of strings. To make the code
// easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
// in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
//
string[] typeParamNames = {"TFirst", "TSecond"};
GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParams =
myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames);
GenericTypeParameterBuilder TFirst = typeParams[0];
GenericTypeParameterBuilder TSecond = typeParams[1];
Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}",
myType.IsGenericType);
// Apply constraints to the type parameters.
//
// A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
// must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
// constructor.
TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes(
GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint |
GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint);
// A type that is substituted for the second type
// parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
// inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
// interface constraints are specified as an array
// containing the interface types.
TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType);
Type[] interfaceTypes = {interfaceA, interfaceB};
TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes);
// The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
// of type TFirst.
FieldBuilder exField =
myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst,
FieldAttributes.Private);
// Define a static method that takes an array of TFirst and
// returns a List<TFirst> containing all the elements of
// the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
// the type List<TFirst> by calling MakeGenericType on the
// generic type definition, List<T>. (The T is omitted with
// the typeof operator when you get the generic type
// definition.) The parameter type is created by using the
// MakeArrayType method.
//
Type listOf = typeof(List<>);
Type listOfTFirst = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst);
Type[] mParamTypes = {TFirst.MakeArrayType()};
MethodBuilder exMethod =
myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod",
MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static,
listOfTFirst,
mParamTypes);
// Emit the method body.
// The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load
// the input array onto the execution stack, to call the
// List<TFirst> constructor that takes IEnumerable<TFirst>,
// which does all the work of putting the input elements into
// the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
// hard work is getting the constructor.
//
// The GetConstructor method is not supported on a
// GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get
// the constructor of List<TFirst> directly. There are two
// steps, first getting the constructor of List<T> and then
// calling a method that converts it to the corresponding
// constructor of List<TFirst>.
//
// The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
// IEnumerable<T>. Note, however, that this is not the
// generic type definition of IEnumerable<T>; instead, the
// T from List<T> must be substituted for the T of
// IEnumerable<T>. (This seems confusing only because both
// types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
// uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
// the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
// type definition IEnumerable<T> (expressed as
// IEnumerable<> when you use the typeof operator) and
// call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
// of List<T>. The constructor argument list must be passed
// as an array, with just one argument in this case.
//
// Now it is possible to get the constructor of List<T>,
// using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
// the constructor of List<TFirst>, pass List<TFirst> and
// the constructor from List<T> to the static
// TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
//
ILGenerator ilgen = exMethod.GetILGenerator();
Type ienumOf = typeof(IEnumerable<>);
Type TfromListOf = listOf.GetGenericArguments()[0];
Type ienumOfT = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
Type[] ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};
ConstructorInfo ctorPrep = listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
ConstructorInfo ctor =
TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
// Create the type and save the assembly.
Type finished = myType.CreateType();
myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name+".dll");
// Invoke the method.
// ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
// generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
// it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example
// class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a
// reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
// have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond,
// this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
// two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
// constructed type.
//
Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(Example), typeof(ExampleDerived)};
Type constructed = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
MethodInfo mi = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod");
// Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
// method. This array must be passed as the only element of an
// array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is
// null, because ExampleMethod is static. Display the count
// on the resulting List<Example>.
//
Example[] input = {new Example(), new Example()};
object[] arguments = {input};
List<Example> listX =
(List<Example>) mi.Invoke(null, arguments);
Console.WriteLine(
"\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.",
listX.Count);
DisplayGenericParameters(finished);
}
private static void DisplayGenericParameters(Type t)
{
if (!t.IsGenericType)
{
Console.WriteLine("Type '{0}' is not generic.");
return;
}
if (!t.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
{
t = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
}
Type[] typeParameters = t.GetGenericArguments();
Console.WriteLine("\nListing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.",
typeParameters.Length, t);
foreach( Type tParam in typeParameters )
{
Console.WriteLine("\r\nType parameter {0}:", tParam.ToString());
foreach( Type c in tParam.GetGenericParameterConstraints() )
{
if (c.IsInterface)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", c);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", c);
}
}
ListConstraintAttributes(tParam);
}
}
// List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
// enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
// constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
//
private static void ListConstraintAttributes(Type t)
{
// Mask off the constraint flags.
GenericParameterAttributes constraints =
t.GenericParameterAttributes & GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask;
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)
!= GenericParameterAttributes.None)
{
Console.WriteLine(" ReferenceTypeConstraint");
}
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)
!= GenericParameterAttributes.None)
{
Console.WriteLine(" NotNullableValueTypeConstraint");
}
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint)
!=GenericParameterAttributes.None)
{
Console.WriteLine(" DefaultConstructorConstraint");
}
}
}
/* This code example produces the following output:
Type 'Sample' is generic: False
Type 'Sample' is generic: True
There are 2 elements in the List<Example>.
Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.
Type parameter TFirst:
ReferenceTypeConstraint
DefaultConstructorConstraint
Type parameter TSecond:
Interface constraint: IExampleA
Interface constraint: IExampleB
Base type constraint: ExampleBase
*/
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Reflection;
using namespace System::Reflection::Emit;
using namespace System::Collections::Generic;
// Dummy class to satisfy TFirst constraints.
//
public ref class Example {};
// Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces
// to use when demonstrating constraints.
//
public ref class ExampleBase {};
public interface class IExampleA {};
public interface class IExampleB {};
// Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter
// TSecond.
//
public ref class ExampleDerived : ExampleBase, IExampleA, IExampleB {};
// List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
// enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
// constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
//
static void ListConstraintAttributes( Type^ t )
{
// Mask off the constraint flags.
GenericParameterAttributes constraints =
t->GenericParameterAttributes &
GenericParameterAttributes::SpecialConstraintMask;
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint)
!= GenericParameterAttributes::None)
Console::WriteLine( L" ReferenceTypeConstraint");
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)
!= GenericParameterAttributes::None)
Console::WriteLine( L" NotNullableValueTypeConstraint");
if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint)
!= GenericParameterAttributes::None)
Console::WriteLine( L" DefaultConstructorConstraint");
}
static void DisplayGenericParameters( Type^ t )
{
if (!t->IsGenericType)
{
Console::WriteLine( L"Type '{0}' is not generic." );
return;
}
if (!t->IsGenericTypeDefinition)
t = t->GetGenericTypeDefinition();
array<Type^>^ typeParameters = t->GetGenericArguments();
Console::WriteLine( L"\r\nListing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.",
typeParameters->Length, t );
for each ( Type^ tParam in typeParameters )
{
Console::WriteLine( L"\r\nType parameter {0}:",
tParam->ToString() );
for each (Type^ c in tParam->GetGenericParameterConstraints())
{
if (c->IsInterface)
Console::WriteLine( L" Interface constraint: {0}", c);
else
Console::WriteLine( L" Base type constraint: {0}", c);
}
ListConstraintAttributes(tParam);
}
}
void main()
{
// Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
// assembly will be run and also saved to disk, so
// AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave is specified.
//
AppDomain^ myDomain = AppDomain::CurrentDomain;
AssemblyName^ myAsmName = gcnew AssemblyName( L"GenericEmitExample1" );
AssemblyBuilder^ myAssembly = myDomain->DefineDynamicAssembly(
myAsmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess::RunAndSave );
// An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
// module assembly, the module name and file name are the same
// as the assembly name.
//
ModuleBuilder^ myModule = myAssembly->DefineDynamicModule(
myAsmName->Name, String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );
// Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
// be used as constraints.
//
Type^ baseType = ExampleBase::typeid;
Type^ interfaceA = IExampleA::typeid;
Type^ interfaceB = IExampleB::typeid;
// Define the sample type.
//
TypeBuilder^ myType = myModule->DefineType( L"Sample",
TypeAttributes::Public );
Console::WriteLine( L"Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}",
myType->IsGenericType );
// Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this,
// the type is not generic, as the preceding and following
// WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
// specified as an array of strings. To make the code
// easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
// in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
//
array<String^>^typeParamNames = {L"TFirst",L"TSecond"};
array<GenericTypeParameterBuilder^>^typeParams =
myType->DefineGenericParameters( typeParamNames );
GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TFirst = typeParams[0];
GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TSecond = typeParams[1];
Console::WriteLine( L"Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}",
myType->IsGenericType );
// Apply constraints to the type parameters.
//
// A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
// must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
// constructor.
TFirst->SetGenericParameterAttributes(
GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint |
GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint
);
// A type that is substituted for the second type
// parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
// inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
// interface constraints are specified as an array
// containing the interface types.
array<Type^>^interfaceTypes = { interfaceA, interfaceB };
TSecond->SetInterfaceConstraints( interfaceTypes );
TSecond->SetBaseTypeConstraint( baseType );
// The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
// of type TFirst.
FieldBuilder^ exField =
myType->DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst,
FieldAttributes::Private);
// Define a static method that takes an array of TFirst and
// returns a List<TFirst> containing all the elements of
// the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
// the type List<TFirst> by calling MakeGenericType on the
// generic type definition, generic<T> List.
// The parameter type is created by using the
// MakeArrayType method.
//
Type^ listOf = List::typeid;
Type^ listOfTFirst = listOf->MakeGenericType(TFirst);
array<Type^>^ mParamTypes = { TFirst->MakeArrayType() };
MethodBuilder^ exMethod =
myType->DefineMethod("ExampleMethod",
MethodAttributes::Public | MethodAttributes::Static,
listOfTFirst,
mParamTypes);
// Emit the method body.
// The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load
// the input array onto the execution stack, to call the
// List<TFirst> constructor that takes IEnumerable<TFirst>,
// which does all the work of putting the input elements into
// the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
// hard work is getting the constructor.
//
// The GetConstructor method is not supported on a
// GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get
// the constructor of List<TFirst> directly. There are two
// steps, first getting the constructor of generic<T> List and then
// calling a method that converts it to the corresponding
// constructor of List<TFirst>.
//
// The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
// IEnumerable<T>. Note, however, that this is not the
// generic type definition of generic<T> IEnumerable; instead, the
// T from generic<T> List must be substituted for the T of
// generic<T> IEnumerable. (This seems confusing only because both
// types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
// uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
// the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
// type definition generic<T> IEnumerable and
// call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
// of generic<T> List. The constructor argument list must be passed
// as an array, with just one argument in this case.
//
// Now it is possible to get the constructor of generic<T> List,
// using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
// the constructor of List<TFirst>, pass List<TFirst> and
// the constructor from generic<T> List to the static
// TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
//
ILGenerator^ ilgen = exMethod->GetILGenerator();
Type^ ienumOf = IEnumerable::typeid;
Type^ TfromListOf = listOf->GetGenericArguments()[0];
Type^ ienumOfT = ienumOf->MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
array<Type^>^ ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};
ConstructorInfo^ ctorPrep = listOf->GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
ConstructorInfo^ ctor =
TypeBuilder::GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldarg_0);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Newobj, ctor);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);
// Create the type and save the assembly.
Type^ finished = myType->CreateType();
myAssembly->Save( String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );
// Invoke the method.
// ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
// generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
// it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example
// class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a
// reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
// have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond,
// this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
// two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
// constructed type.
//
array<Type^>^ typeArgs =
{ Example::typeid, ExampleDerived::typeid };
Type^ constructed = finished->MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
MethodInfo^ mi = constructed->GetMethod("ExampleMethod");
// Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
// method. This array must be passed as the only element of an
// array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is
// null, because ExampleMethod is static. Display the count
// on the resulting List<Example>.
//
array<Example^>^ input = { gcnew Example(), gcnew Example() };
array<Object^>^ arguments = { input };
List<Example^>^ listX =
(List<Example^>^) mi->Invoke(nullptr, arguments);
Console::WriteLine(
"\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.",
listX->Count);
DisplayGenericParameters(finished);
}
/* This code example produces the following output:
Type 'Sample' is generic: False
Type 'Sample' is generic: True
There are 2 elements in the List<Example>.
Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.
Type parameter TFirst:
ReferenceTypeConstraint
DefaultConstructorConstraint
Type parameter TSecond:
Interface constraint: IExampleA
Interface constraint: IExampleB
Base type constraint: ExampleBase
*/
Kompilieren des Codes
Der Code enthält die für die Kompilierung erforderlichen using-Anweisungen für C# (Imports in Visual Basic).
Er werden keine weiteren Assemblyverweise benötigt.
Kompilieren Sie den Code über die Befehlszeile mit csc.exe, vbc.exe oder cl.exe. Um den Code in Visual Studio zu kompilieren, fügen Sie ihn in eine Projektvorlage für eine Konsolenanwendung ein.
Siehe auch
Referenz
Konzepte
Szenarien für die Reflektionsausgabe mit dynamischen Assemblies