Gewusst wie: Erkennen und Bearbeiten von generischen Typen
Informationen zu generischen Typen können Sie genauso abrufen wie Informationen zu anderen Typen: indem Sie sich ein Type-Objekt anschauen, das den generischen Typ darstellt. Der größte Unterschied besteht dabei darin, dass eine generischer Type eine Liste von Type-Objekten hat, die dessen generischen Typparameter darstellen. Die erste Prozedur in diesem Abschnitt beschäftigt sich mit generischen Typen.
Sie können ein Type-Objekt erstellen, dass einen konstruierten Typ darstellt, indem Sie Typargumente an die Typparameter einer generischen Typdefinition binden. Dies wird in der zweiten Prozedur veranschaulicht.
So können Sie einen generischen Typ und dessen Typparameter untersuchen
Rufen Sie eine Instanz von Type ab, die den generischen Typ darstellt. Im folgenden Code wird der Typ mit dem
typeof
-Operator von C# abgerufen (GetType
in Visual Basic,typeid
in Visual C++). Informationen zu anderen Möglichkeiten zum Abrufen eines Type-Objekts finden Sie im Thema zur Type-Klasse. Beachten Sie, dass der Typ für den Rest der Prozedur im Methodenparametert
enthalten ist.Type^ d1 = Dictionary::typeid;
Type d1 = typeof(Dictionary<,>);
Dim d1 As Type = GetType(Dictionary(Of ,))
Verwenden Sie die IsGenericType-Eigenschaft, um zu bestimmen, ob der Typ generisch ist. Verwenden Sie die IsGenericTypeDefinition-Eigenschaft, um zu bestimmen, ob der Typ eine generische Typdefinition ist.
Console::WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? {0}", t->IsGenericType); Console::WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? {0}", t->IsGenericTypeDefinition);
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? {0}", t.IsGenericType); Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? {0}", t.IsGenericTypeDefinition);
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? " _ & t.IsGenericType) Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? " _ & t.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
Rufen Sie ein Array mit der GetGenericArguments-Methode ab, das die generischen Typargumente enthält.
array<Type^>^ typeParameters = t->GetGenericArguments();
Type[] typeParameters = t.GetGenericArguments();
Dim typeParameters() As Type = t.GetGenericArguments()
Bestimmen Sie mit der IsGenericParameter-Methode für jedes Typargument, ob es sich dabei um einen Typparameter handelt (z.B. in einer generischen Typdefinition) oder um einen Typ, der für einen Typparameter angegeben wurde (z.B. in einem konstruierten Typ).
Console::WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:", typeParameters->Length); for each( Type^ tParam in typeParameters ) { if (tParam->IsGenericParameter) { DisplayGenericParameter(tParam); } else { Console::WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}", tParam); } }
Console.WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:", typeParameters.Length); foreach( Type tParam in typeParameters ) { if (tParam.IsGenericParameter) { DisplayGenericParameter(tParam); } else { Console.WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}", tParam); } }
Console.WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:", _ typeParameters.Length) For Each tParam As Type In typeParameters If tParam.IsGenericParameter Then DisplayGenericParameter(tParam) Else Console.WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}", _ tParam) End If Next
Ein generischer Typparameter wird im Typsystem von einer Instanz von Type dargestellt, genauso wie normale Typen. In folgendem Code wird der Name und die Parameterposition eines Type-Objekts gezeigt, das einen generischen Typparameter darstellt. Die Parameterposition ist an dieser Stelle eine unwichtige Information. Sie ist bei der Untersuchung eines Typparameters wichtig, der als Typargument eines anderen generischen Typs verwendet wurde.
static void DisplayGenericParameter(Type^ tp) { Console::WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}", tp->Name, tp->GenericParameterPosition);
private static void DisplayGenericParameter(Type tp) { Console.WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}", tp.Name, tp.GenericParameterPosition);
Private Shared Sub DisplayGenericParameter(ByVal tp As Type) Console.WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}", _ tp.Name, tp.GenericParameterPosition)
Bestimmen Sie mit der GetGenericParameterConstraints-Methode die Einschränkung des Basistyps und die Schnittstelleneinschränkungen eines generischen Typparameters, um alle Einschränkungen eines einzelnen Arrays zu erhalten. Es ist nicht gewährleistet, dass die Einschränkungen in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge angezeigt werden.
Type^ classConstraint = nullptr; for each(Type^ iConstraint in tp->GetGenericParameterConstraints()) { if (iConstraint->IsInterface) { Console::WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", iConstraint); } } if (classConstraint != nullptr) { Console::WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", tp->BaseType); } else Console::WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None");
Type classConstraint = null; foreach(Type iConstraint in tp.GetGenericParameterConstraints()) { if (iConstraint.IsInterface) { Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", iConstraint); } } if (classConstraint != null) { Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", tp.BaseType); } else { Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None"); }
Dim classConstraint As Type = Nothing For Each iConstraint As Type In tp.GetGenericParameterConstraints() If iConstraint.IsInterface Then Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", _ iConstraint) End If Next If classConstraint IsNot Nothing Then Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", _ tp.BaseType) Else Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None") End If
Verwenden Sie die GenericParameterAttributes-Eigenschaft, um die spezielle Einschränkungen eines Typparameters zu erfahren, z.B. die Anforderung, dass es sich dabei um einen Verweistyp handeln muss. Die Eigenschaft enthält außerdem Werte, die Varianz darstellen. Diese können Sie, wie in folgendem Code gezeigt, abtrennen.
GenericParameterAttributes sConstraints = tp->GenericParameterAttributes & GenericParameterAttributes::SpecialConstraintMask;
GenericParameterAttributes sConstraints = tp.GenericParameterAttributes & GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask;
Dim sConstraints As GenericParameterAttributes = _ tp.GenericParameterAttributes And _ GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask
Die Attribute der speziellen Einschränkung sind Flags. Das gleiche Flag (GenericParameterAttributes.None), das keine speziellen Einschränkungen darstellt, steht ebenso für keine Kovarianz oder Kontravarianz. Deshalb müssen Sie für jede dieser Bedingungen die entsprechende Maske verwenden. Verwenden Sie in diesem Fall GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask, um das Flag für die spezielle Einschränkung zu isolieren.
if (sConstraints == GenericParameterAttributes::None) { Console::WriteLine(" No special constraints."); } else { if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint)) { Console::WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor."); } if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint)) { Console::WriteLine(" Must be a reference type."); } if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes::NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)) { Console::WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type."); } }
if (sConstraints == GenericParameterAttributes.None) { Console.WriteLine(" No special constraints."); } else { if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint)) { Console.WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor."); } if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)) { Console.WriteLine(" Must be a reference type."); } if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints & GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)) { Console.WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type."); } }
If sConstraints = GenericParameterAttributes.None Then Console.WriteLine(" No special constraints.") Else If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _ GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint) Then Console.WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor.") End If If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _ GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint) Then Console.WriteLine(" Must be a reference type.") End If If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _ GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint) Then Console.WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type.") End If End If
Konstruieren einer Instanz eines generischen Typs
Ein generischer Typ ähnelt einer Vorlage. Sie können nur dann Instanzen des Typs erstellen, wenn Sie die echten Typen seiner generischen Typparameter angeben. Wenn Sie dies zur Runtime mit Reflektion machen möchten, ist die MakeGenericType-Methode erforderlich.
Rufen Sie ein Type-Objekt ab, das den generischen Typ darstellt. Der folgende Code rufe den generischen Typ Dictionary<TKey,TValue> auf zwei verschiedene Weisen ab: Entweder mit der Type.GetType(String)-Methodenüberladung mit einer Zeichenfolge, die den Typ beschreibt, oder durch Aufrufen der GetGenericTypeDefinition-Methode auf dem konstruierten Typ
Dictionary\<String, Example>
(Dictionary(Of String, Example)
in Visual Basic). Die MakeGenericType-Methode erfordert eine generische Typdefinition.// Use the typeid keyword to create the generic type // definition directly. Type^ d1 = Dictionary::typeid; // You can also obtain the generic type definition from a // constructed class. In this case, the constructed class // is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys. Dictionary<String^, Example^>^ d2 = gcnew Dictionary<String^, Example^>(); // Get a Type object that represents the constructed type, // and from that get the generic type definition. The // variables d1 and d4 contain the same type. Type^ d3 = d2->GetType(); Type^ d4 = d3->GetGenericTypeDefinition();
// Use the typeof operator to create the generic type // definition directly. To specify the generic type definition, // omit the type arguments but retain the comma that separates // them. Type d1 = typeof(Dictionary<,>); // You can also obtain the generic type definition from a // constructed class. In this case, the constructed class // is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys. Dictionary<string, Example> d2 = new Dictionary<string, Example>(); // Get a Type object that represents the constructed type, // and from that get the generic type definition. The // variables d1 and d4 contain the same type. Type d3 = d2.GetType(); Type d4 = d3.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
' Use the GetType operator to create the generic type ' definition directly. To specify the generic type definition, ' omit the type arguments but retain the comma that separates ' them. Dim d1 As Type = GetType(Dictionary(Of ,)) ' You can also obtain the generic type definition from a ' constructed class. In this case, the constructed class ' is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys. Dim d2 As New Dictionary(Of String, Example) ' Get a Type object that represents the constructed type, ' and from that get the generic type definition. The ' variables d1 and d4 contain the same type. Dim d3 As Type = d2.GetType() Dim d4 As Type = d3.GetGenericTypeDefinition()
Konstruieren Sie ein Array aus Typargumenten, um die Typparameter zu ersetzen. Das Array muss die richtige Zahl an Type-Objekten enthalten, und zwar in der gleichen Reihenfolge wie Sie in der Liste der Typparameter auftauchen. In diesem Fall ist der Schlüssel (der erste Typparameter) vom Typ String, und die Werte im Wörterbuch sind Instanzen der Klasse
Example
.array<Type^>^ typeArgs = {String::typeid, Example::typeid};
Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(string), typeof(Example)};
Dim typeArgs() As Type = _ {GetType(String), GetType(Example)}
Rufen Sie die MakeGenericType-Methode auf, um Typargumente an die Typparameter zu binden, und konstruieren Sie den Typ.
Type^ constructed = d1->MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
Type constructed = d1.MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
Dim constructed As Type = _ d1.MakeGenericType(typeArgs)
Verwenden Sie die CreateInstance(Type)-Methodenüberladung, um ein Objekt des konstruierten Typs zu erstellen. Der folgende Code speichert zwei Instanzen der
Example
-Klasse im resultierendenDictionary<String, Example>
-Objekt.Object^ o = Activator::CreateInstance(constructed);
object o = Activator.CreateInstance(constructed);
Dim o As Object = Activator.CreateInstance(constructed)
Beispiel
In folgendem Codebeispiel wird eine DisplayGenericType
-Methode definiert, um die im Code verwendeten generischen Typdefinitionen und konstruierten Typen zu untersuchen und deren Informationen anzuzeigen. Die DisplayGenericType
-Methode zeigt, wie Sie die Eigenschaften IsGenericType, IsGenericParameter und GenericParameterPosition und die GetGenericArguments-Methode verwenden können.
Im Beispiel wird auch eine DisplayGenericParameter
-Methode definiert, um einen generischen Typparameter zu untersuchen und dessen Einschränkungen anzuzeigen.
Im Codebeispiel wird ein Satz von Testtypen definiert, darunter ein generischer Typ, der Typparametereinschränkungen veranschaulicht. Außerdem wird gezeigt, wie Sie Informationen zu diesen Typen anzeigen können.
Im Beispiel wird ein Typ aus der Dictionary<TKey,TValue>-Klasse erstellt, indem ein Array von Typargumenten erstellt und die MakeGenericType-Methode aufgerufen wird. Das Programm vergleicht das mit MakeGenericType konstruierte Type-Objekt mit einem Type-Objekt, das mit typeof
(GetType
in Visual Basic) abgerufen wurde. Es wird gezeigt, dass Sie einander entsprechen. Gleichermaßen verwendet das Programm die GetGenericTypeDefinition-Methode, um die generische Typdefinition des konstruierten Typs zu erhalten, und vergleicht diese mit dem Type-Objekt, das die Dictionary<TKey,TValue>-Klasse darstellt.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Reflection;
using namespace System::Collections::Generic;
using namespace System::Security::Permissions;
// Define an example interface.
public interface class ITestArgument {};
// Define an example base class.
public ref class TestBase {};
// Define a generic class with one parameter. The parameter
// has three constraints: It must inherit TestBase, it must
// implement ITestArgument, and it must have a parameterless
// constructor.
generic<class T>
where T : TestBase, ITestArgument, gcnew()
public ref class Test {};
// Define a class that meets the constraints on the type
// parameter of class Test.
public ref class TestArgument : TestBase, ITestArgument
{
public:
TestArgument() {}
};
public ref class Example
{
// The following method displays information about a generic
// type.
private:
static void DisplayGenericType(Type^ t)
{
Console::WriteLine("\r\n {0}", t);
Console::WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? {0}",
t->IsGenericType);
Console::WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? {0}",
t->IsGenericTypeDefinition);
// Get the generic type parameters or type arguments.
array<Type^>^ typeParameters = t->GetGenericArguments();
Console::WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:",
typeParameters->Length);
for each( Type^ tParam in typeParameters )
{
if (tParam->IsGenericParameter)
{
DisplayGenericParameter(tParam);
}
else
{
Console::WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}",
tParam);
}
}
}
// The following method displays information about a generic
// type parameter. Generic type parameters are represented by
// instances of System.Type, just like ordinary types.
static void DisplayGenericParameter(Type^ tp)
{
Console::WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}",
tp->Name, tp->GenericParameterPosition);
Type^ classConstraint = nullptr;
for each(Type^ iConstraint in tp->GetGenericParameterConstraints())
{
if (iConstraint->IsInterface)
{
Console::WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}",
iConstraint);
}
}
if (classConstraint != nullptr)
{
Console::WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}",
tp->BaseType);
}
else
Console::WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None");
GenericParameterAttributes sConstraints =
tp->GenericParameterAttributes &
GenericParameterAttributes::SpecialConstraintMask;
if (sConstraints == GenericParameterAttributes::None)
{
Console::WriteLine(" No special constraints.");
}
else
{
if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint))
{
Console::WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor.");
}
if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint))
{
Console::WriteLine(" Must be a reference type.");
}
if (GenericParameterAttributes::None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes::NotNullableValueTypeConstraint))
{
Console::WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type.");
}
}
}
public:
[PermissionSetAttribute(SecurityAction::Demand, Name="FullTrust")]
static void Main()
{
// Two ways to get a Type object that represents the generic
// type definition of the Dictionary class.
//
// Use the typeid keyword to create the generic type
// definition directly.
Type^ d1 = Dictionary::typeid;
// You can also obtain the generic type definition from a
// constructed class. In this case, the constructed class
// is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys.
Dictionary<String^, Example^>^ d2 = gcnew Dictionary<String^, Example^>();
// Get a Type object that represents the constructed type,
// and from that get the generic type definition. The
// variables d1 and d4 contain the same type.
Type^ d3 = d2->GetType();
Type^ d4 = d3->GetGenericTypeDefinition();
// Display information for the generic type definition, and
// for the constructed type Dictionary<String, Example>.
DisplayGenericType(d1);
DisplayGenericType(d2->GetType());
// Construct an array of type arguments to substitute for
// the type parameters of the generic Dictionary class.
// The array must contain the correct number of types, in
// the same order that they appear in the type parameter
// list of Dictionary. The key (first type parameter)
// is of type string, and the type to be contained in the
// dictionary is Example.
array<Type^>^ typeArgs = {String::typeid, Example::typeid};
// Construct the type Dictionary<String, Example>.
Type^ constructed = d1->MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
DisplayGenericType(constructed);
Object^ o = Activator::CreateInstance(constructed);
Console::WriteLine("\r\nCompare types obtained by different methods:");
Console::WriteLine(" Are the constructed types equal? {0}",
(d2->GetType()==constructed));
Console::WriteLine(" Are the generic definitions equal? {0}",
(d1==constructed->GetGenericTypeDefinition()));
// Demonstrate the DisplayGenericType and
// DisplayGenericParameter methods with the Test class
// defined above. This shows base, interface, and special
// constraints.
DisplayGenericType(Test::typeid);
}
};
int main()
{
Example::Main();
}
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Collections.Generic;
// Define an example interface.
public interface ITestArgument {}
// Define an example base class.
public class TestBase {}
// Define a generic class with one parameter. The parameter
// has three constraints: It must inherit TestBase, it must
// implement ITestArgument, and it must have a parameterless
// constructor.
public class Test<T> where T : TestBase, ITestArgument, new() {}
// Define a class that meets the constraints on the type
// parameter of class Test.
public class TestArgument : TestBase, ITestArgument
{
public TestArgument() {}
}
public class Example
{
// The following method displays information about a generic
// type.
private static void DisplayGenericType(Type t)
{
Console.WriteLine("\r\n {0}", t);
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? {0}",
t.IsGenericType);
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? {0}",
t.IsGenericTypeDefinition);
// Get the generic type parameters or type arguments.
Type[] typeParameters = t.GetGenericArguments();
Console.WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:",
typeParameters.Length);
foreach( Type tParam in typeParameters )
{
if (tParam.IsGenericParameter)
{
DisplayGenericParameter(tParam);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}",
tParam);
}
}
}
// The following method displays information about a generic
// type parameter. Generic type parameters are represented by
// instances of System.Type, just like ordinary types.
private static void DisplayGenericParameter(Type tp)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}",
tp.Name, tp.GenericParameterPosition);
Type classConstraint = null;
foreach(Type iConstraint in tp.GetGenericParameterConstraints())
{
if (iConstraint.IsInterface)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}",
iConstraint);
}
}
if (classConstraint != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}",
tp.BaseType);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None");
}
GenericParameterAttributes sConstraints =
tp.GenericParameterAttributes &
GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask;
if (sConstraints == GenericParameterAttributes.None)
{
Console.WriteLine(" No special constraints.");
}
else
{
if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint))
{
Console.WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor.");
}
if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint))
{
Console.WriteLine(" Must be a reference type.");
}
if (GenericParameterAttributes.None != (sConstraints &
GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint))
{
Console.WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type.");
}
}
}
public static void Main()
{
// Two ways to get a Type object that represents the generic
// type definition of the Dictionary class.
//
// Use the typeof operator to create the generic type
// definition directly. To specify the generic type definition,
// omit the type arguments but retain the comma that separates
// them.
Type d1 = typeof(Dictionary<,>);
// You can also obtain the generic type definition from a
// constructed class. In this case, the constructed class
// is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys.
Dictionary<string, Example> d2 = new Dictionary<string, Example>();
// Get a Type object that represents the constructed type,
// and from that get the generic type definition. The
// variables d1 and d4 contain the same type.
Type d3 = d2.GetType();
Type d4 = d3.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
// Display information for the generic type definition, and
// for the constructed type Dictionary<String, Example>.
DisplayGenericType(d1);
DisplayGenericType(d2.GetType());
// Construct an array of type arguments to substitute for
// the type parameters of the generic Dictionary class.
// The array must contain the correct number of types, in
// the same order that they appear in the type parameter
// list of Dictionary. The key (first type parameter)
// is of type string, and the type to be contained in the
// dictionary is Example.
Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(string), typeof(Example)};
// Construct the type Dictionary<String, Example>.
Type constructed = d1.MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
DisplayGenericType(constructed);
object o = Activator.CreateInstance(constructed);
Console.WriteLine("\r\nCompare types obtained by different methods:");
Console.WriteLine(" Are the constructed types equal? {0}",
(d2.GetType()==constructed));
Console.WriteLine(" Are the generic definitions equal? {0}",
(d1==constructed.GetGenericTypeDefinition()));
// Demonstrate the DisplayGenericType and
// DisplayGenericParameter methods with the Test class
// defined above. This shows base, interface, and special
// constraints.
DisplayGenericType(typeof(Test<>));
}
}
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Collections.Generic
' Define an example interface.
Public Interface ITestArgument
End Interface
' Define an example base class.
Public Class TestBase
End Class
' Define a generic class with one parameter. The parameter
' has three constraints: It must inherit TestBase, it must
' implement ITestArgument, and it must have a parameterless
' constructor.
Public Class Test(Of T As {TestBase, ITestArgument, New})
End Class
' Define a class that meets the constraints on the type
' parameter of class Test.
Public Class TestArgument
Inherits TestBase
Implements ITestArgument
Public Sub New()
End Sub
End Class
Public Class Example
' The following method displays information about a generic
' type.
Private Shared Sub DisplayGenericType(ByVal t As Type)
Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & t.ToString())
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type? " _
& t.IsGenericType)
Console.WriteLine(" Is this a generic type definition? " _
& t.IsGenericTypeDefinition)
' Get the generic type parameters or type arguments.
Dim typeParameters() As Type = t.GetGenericArguments()
Console.WriteLine(" List {0} type arguments:", _
typeParameters.Length)
For Each tParam As Type In typeParameters
If tParam.IsGenericParameter Then
DisplayGenericParameter(tParam)
Else
Console.WriteLine(" Type argument: {0}", _
tParam)
End If
Next
End Sub
' The following method displays information about a generic
' type parameter. Generic type parameters are represented by
' instances of System.Type, just like ordinary types.
Private Shared Sub DisplayGenericParameter(ByVal tp As Type)
Console.WriteLine(" Type parameter: {0} position {1}", _
tp.Name, tp.GenericParameterPosition)
Dim classConstraint As Type = Nothing
For Each iConstraint As Type In tp.GetGenericParameterConstraints()
If iConstraint.IsInterface Then
Console.WriteLine(" Interface constraint: {0}", _
iConstraint)
End If
Next
If classConstraint IsNot Nothing Then
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: {0}", _
tp.BaseType)
Else
Console.WriteLine(" Base type constraint: None")
End If
Dim sConstraints As GenericParameterAttributes = _
tp.GenericParameterAttributes And _
GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask
If sConstraints = GenericParameterAttributes.None Then
Console.WriteLine(" No special constraints.")
Else
If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _
GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint) Then
Console.WriteLine(" Must have a parameterless constructor.")
End If
If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _
GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint) Then
Console.WriteLine(" Must be a reference type.")
End If
If GenericParameterAttributes.None <> (sConstraints And _
GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint) Then
Console.WriteLine(" Must be a non-nullable value type.")
End If
End If
End Sub
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Two ways to get a Type object that represents the generic
' type definition of the Dictionary class.
'
' Use the GetType operator to create the generic type
' definition directly. To specify the generic type definition,
' omit the type arguments but retain the comma that separates
' them.
Dim d1 As Type = GetType(Dictionary(Of ,))
' You can also obtain the generic type definition from a
' constructed class. In this case, the constructed class
' is a dictionary of Example objects, with String keys.
Dim d2 As New Dictionary(Of String, Example)
' Get a Type object that represents the constructed type,
' and from that get the generic type definition. The
' variables d1 and d4 contain the same type.
Dim d3 As Type = d2.GetType()
Dim d4 As Type = d3.GetGenericTypeDefinition()
' Display information for the generic type definition, and
' for the constructed type Dictionary(Of String, Example).
DisplayGenericType(d1)
DisplayGenericType(d2.GetType())
' Construct an array of type arguments to substitute for
' the type parameters of the generic Dictionary class.
' The array must contain the correct number of types, in
' the same order that they appear in the type parameter
' list of Dictionary. The key (first type parameter)
' is of type string, and the type to be contained in the
' dictionary is Example.
Dim typeArgs() As Type = _
{GetType(String), GetType(Example)}
' Construct the type Dictionary(Of String, Example).
Dim constructed As Type = _
d1.MakeGenericType(typeArgs)
DisplayGenericType(constructed)
Dim o As Object = Activator.CreateInstance(constructed)
Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & _
"Compare types obtained by different methods:")
Console.WriteLine(" Are the constructed types equal? " _
& (d2.GetType() Is constructed))
Console.WriteLine(" Are the generic definitions equal? " _
& (d1 Is constructed.GetGenericTypeDefinition()))
' Demonstrate the DisplayGenericType and
' DisplayGenericParameter methods with the Test class
' defined above. This shows base, interface, and special
' constraints.
DisplayGenericType(GetType(Test(Of )))
End Sub
End Class