Key-based authentication in OpenSSH for Windows
Applies to Windows Server 2022, Windows Server 2019, Windows 10 (build 1809 and later)
Most authentication in Windows environments is done with a username-password pair, which works well for systems that share a common domain. When working across domains, such as between on-premises and cloud-hosted systems, it becomes vulnerable to brute force intrusions.
By comparison, Linux environments commonly use public-key/private-key pairs to drive authentication that doesn't require the use of guessable passwords. OpenSSH includes tools to help support key based authentication, specifically:
- ssh-keygen for generating secure keys
- ssh-agent and ssh-add for securely storing private keys
- scp and sftp to securely copy public key files during initial use of a server
This document provides an overview of how to use these tools on Windows to begin using key-based authentication with SSH. If you're unfamiliar with SSH key management, we strongly recommend you review NIST document IR 7966 titled "Security of Interactive and Automated Access Management Using Secure Shell (SSH)".
About key pairs
Key pairs refer to the public and private key files that are used by certain authentication protocols.
SSH public key authentication uses asymmetric cryptographic algorithms to generate two key files – one "private" and the other "public". The private key files are the equivalent of a password, and should stay protected under all circumstances. If someone acquires your private key, they can sign in as you to any SSH server you have access to. The public key is what is placed on the SSH server, and may be shared without compromising the private key.
Key based authentication enables the SSH server and client to compare the public key for a user name provided against the private key. If the server-side public key can't be validated against the client-side private key, authentication fails.
Multi-factor authentication may be implemented with key pairs by entering a passphrase when the key pair is generated (see user key generation below). The user will be prompted for the passphrase during authentication. The passphrase is used along with the presence of the private key on the SSH client to authenticate the user.
Important
A remote session opened via key based authentication does not have associated user credentials and hence is not capable of outbound authentication as the user, this is by design.
Host key generation
Public keys have specific ACL requirements that, on Windows, equate to only allowing access to administrators and System. On first use of sshd, the key pair for the host will be automatically generated.
Important
You need to have OpenSSH Server installed first. Please see Getting started with OpenSSH.
By default the sshd service is set to start manually. To start it each time the server is rebooted, run the following commands from an elevated PowerShell prompt on your server:
# Set the sshd service to be started automatically
Get-Service -Name sshd | Set-Service -StartupType Automatic
# Now start the sshd service
Start-Service sshd
Since there's no user associated with the sshd service, the host keys are stored under C:\ProgramData\ssh.
User key generation
To use key-based authentication, you first need to generate public/private key pairs for your client. ssh-keygen.exe is used to generate key files and the algorithms DSA, RSA, ECDSA, or Ed25519 can be specified. If no algorithm is specified, RSA is used. A strong algorithm and key length should be used, such as ECDSA in this example.
To generate key files using the ECDSA algorithm, run the following command from a PowerShell or cmd prompt on your client:
ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
The output from the command should display the following output (where "username" is replaced by your username):
Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\username/.ssh/id_ecdsa):
You can press Enter to accept the default, or specify a path and/or filename where you would like your keys to be generated. At this point, you'll be prompted to use a passphrase to encrypt your private key files. The passphrase can be empty but it's not recommended. The passphrase works with the key file to provide two-factor authentication. For this example, we're leaving the passphrase empty.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\username/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\username/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:OIzc1yE7joL2Bzy8!gS0j8eGK7bYaH1FmF3sDuMeSj8 username@LOCAL-HOSTNAME
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ECDSA 256]--+
| . |
| o |
| . + + . |
| o B * = . |
| o= B S . |
| .=B O o |
| + =+% o |
| *oo.O.E |
|+.o+=o. . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
Now you have a public/private ECDSA key pair in the location specified. The .pub files are public keys, and files without an extension are private keys:
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name
---- ------------- ------ ----
-a---- 6/3/2021 2:55 PM 464 id_ecdsa
-a---- 6/3/2021 2:55 PM 103 id_ecdsa.pub
Remember that private key files are the equivalent of a password should be protected the same way you protect your password. Use ssh-agent to securely store the private keys within a Windows security context, associated with your Windows account. To start the ssh-agent service each time your computer is rebooted, and use ssh-add to store the private key run the following commands from an elevated PowerShell prompt on your server:
# By default the ssh-agent service is disabled. Configure it to start automatically.
# Make sure you're running as an Administrator.
Get-Service ssh-agent | Set-Service -StartupType Automatic
# Start the service
Start-Service ssh-agent
# This should return a status of Running
Get-Service ssh-agent
# Now load your key files into ssh-agent
ssh-add $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ecdsa
Once you've added the key to the ssh-agent on your client, the ssh-agent will automatically retrieve the local private key and pass it to your SSH client.
Important
It is strongly recommended that you back up your private key to a secure location, then delete it from the local system, after adding it to ssh-agent. The private key cannot be retrieved from the agent providing a strong algorithm has been used, such as ECDSA in this example. If you lose access to the private key, you will have to create a new key pair and update the public key on all systems you interact with.
Deploying the public key
To use the user key that was created above, the contents of your public key (\.ssh\id_ecdsa.pub) needs to be placed on the server into a text file. The name and location of the file depends on whether the user account is a member of the local administrators group or a standard user account. The following sections cover both standard and administrative users.
Standard user
The contents of your public key (\.ssh\id_ecdsa.pub) needs to be placed on the server into a text file called authorized_keys in C:\Users\username\.ssh\. You can copy your public key using the OpenSSH scp secure file-transfer utility, or using a PowerShell to write the key to the file.
The example below copies the public key to the server (where "username" is replaced by your username). You'll need to use the password for the user account for the server initially.
# Get the public key file generated previously on your client
$authorizedKey = Get-Content -Path $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ecdsa.pub
# Generate the PowerShell to be run remote that will copy the public key file generated previously on your client to the authorized_keys file on your server
$remotePowershell = "powershell New-Item -Force -ItemType Directory -Path $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh; Add-Content -Force -Path $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\authorized_keys -Value '$authorizedKey'"
# Connect to your server and run the PowerShell using the $remotePowerShell variable
ssh username@domain1@contoso.com $remotePowershell
Administrative user
The contents of your public key (\.ssh\id_ecdsa.pub) needs to be placed on the server into a text file called administrators_authorized_keys in C:\ProgramData\ssh\. You can copy your public key using the OpenSSH scp secure file-transfer utility, or using a PowerShell to write the key to the file. The ACL on this file needs to be configured to only allow access to administrators and System.
The example below copies the public key to the server and configures the ACL (where "username" is replaced by your user name). You'll need to use the password for the user account for the server initially.
Note
This example shows the steps for creating the administrators_authorized_keys file. This only
applies to administrator accounts and must be used instead of the per user file within the user's
profile location.
# Get the public key file generated previously on your client
$authorizedKey = Get-Content -Path $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ecdsa.pub
# Generate the PowerShell to be run remote that will copy the public key file generated previously on your client to the authorized_keys file on your server
$remotePowershell = "powershell Add-Content -Force -Path $env:ProgramData\ssh\administrators_authorized_keys -Value '''$authorizedKey''';icacls.exe ""$env:ProgramData\ssh\administrators_authorized_keys"" /inheritance:r /grant ""Administrators:F"" /grant ""SYSTEM:F"""
# Connect to your server and run the PowerShell using the $remotePowerShell variable
ssh username@domain1@contoso.com $remotePowershell
For non-English localized versions of the operating system, the script will need to be modified to reflect group names accordingly. To prevent errors when granting permissions to group names, the Security Identifier (SID) can be used in its place. The SID can be retrieved by running Get-LocalGroup | Select-Object Name, SID. When using the SID in place of the group name, it must be preceded by an asterisk (*). In the following example, the Administrators group uses the SID S-1-5-32-544:
$remotePowershell = "powershell Add-Content -Force -Path $env:ProgramData\ssh\administrators_authorized_keys -Value '''$authorizedKey''';icacls.exe ""$env:ProgramData\ssh\administrators_authorized_keys"" /inheritance:r /grant ""*S-1-5-32-544:F"" /grant ""SYSTEM:F"""
These steps complete the configuration required to use key-based authentication with OpenSSH on Windows. Once the example PowerShell commands have been run, the user can connect to the sshd host from any client that has the private key.